Effect of chronic flonicamide intoxication on blood ions concentration and gill and kidney damage in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Considering the agricultural activities near the fish farm and water bodies, intoxication of fish is likely; thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of flonicamid intoxication on blood ions concentration and gill and kidney damage in common carp. To this, after 96 h-LC50 determination, the fish were exposed to 10% of LC50 concentration (4.3 mg / l) and after 21 days of exposure, the blood, gill and kidney were taken. The results showed that flonicamid intoxication decreased chlorine and increased potassium concentrations in fish blood, but had no effect on sodium and calcium levels. In addition, the flonicamid exposure was caused numerous damages to the gills and kidney. In the gill, the secondary lamellar edema, secondary lamellar fusion and primary lamellar hyperplasia were observed in the gill. Also, the exudate and melanomacrophage accumulation and degeneration of renal tubules were observed in kidney of the pesticide-exposed fish. The results showed that flonicamid has serious effects on the gill and kidney tissues of carp. These injuries are responsible for some of the ionic changes in fish blood. Therefore, it is recommended that this pesticide is used in farms, care should be taken to prevent the pesticide from entering the water resources in order not to threaten fish health.