Immune Responses to Corona Family Viruses and Vaccine Strategies

Corona respiratory viruses are native animal pathogens that infect upper respiratory tract in humans. Severe pulmonary inflammation caused by disruption of the regulation of cytokines in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), such as elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), IPLO protein, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-8 in the blood, with undesirable consequences. Specific executive T lymphocytes against viruses produce essential cytokines including IL-2, TNF-α, interferon-gamma (IFNγ), and the chemokines such CXCL-9, 10, and 11, and cytotoxic molecules such as perforin and granzyme B. Acute respiratory phase causing by corona virus disease is associated with severe lymphopenia in peripheral blood accompanied with decreased TCD4 and TCD8 in 80% to 90% of patients. Acute inflammatory cytokines including IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1A), and TNFα have been reported to be elevated in acute hospitalized patients with lymphopenia and sepsis viral. In addition, inflammation, lung injury, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, loss of respiratory function and other organs, and eventually death are the consequences of the pathogenesis of the virus responsiveness by immune system. How pathogens are harmed in humans has provided a clear picture for interrupt in processing steps by immunologists. While most people infected with the virus have only moderate or asymptomatic symptoms, but a minority have experienced acute complications. Investigating the correlation between safety protection and long-term safety protection in hospitalized patients with corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) has opened a way to design effective vaccines or effective therapies to counter the prevalence of coronavirus and disease.