Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures; a Narrative Review

Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are paroxysmal changes that mimic epileptic seizures, so often mis- diagnosed and treated for epilepsy. PNES are considered a psychiatric illness, personality pathology, and expe- riential and behavioral manifestation of depression. Despite studies over the past two decades, the pathological mechanisms of this disorder are unclear. In this paper, we critically review the current literature about the defi- nition, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, related genes, and biomarkers of PNES and provide suggestions for future research. Further studies are needed for more information and knowledge on PNES to determine the appropriate psychotherapies and development of clear treatment guidelines.