A critique of Richard Bell's view about chronology of the Quran

One of the topics of Quranic sciences that has attracted the attention of non-Muslim Orientalists and Quranic scholars is the Chronology of the Quran (dating of the revelation of Quranic verses and chapters) In such a way that this challenging and controversial subject had a special reflection in the works of orientalists. Richard Bell is known as one of the experts in this field. Topics related to the dating of verses and chapters can be found in the seventh chapter of his book, "An Introduction to the History of the Qur'an". With examining the content of this chapter, it is concluded that he has made mistakes and errors in studying and criticizing the views of Muslim scholars as well as in expressing himself opinions, which are mainly due to his lack of awareness about culture, language and beliefs of Islam. It also becomes clear that his view of the Qur'an is purely historical and that he has neglected its revelatory and superhuman aspects. For this reason, some of his views, such as the irrelevance of verses or deviation from the criterion of migration in determining the verses revealed in Mecca or verses revealed in Medina, or accepting that the Qur'an is affected by the passage of time or the occurrence of abrogation (literally), were rejected and It is unacceptable. In this article, we try to examine the opinions presented in the seventh chapter of the book by descriptive-analytical method and then express its mistakes.