The modality effect of working memory training on attentional function of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in CANTAB

Modality and how information is presented are among the most influential factors in attention processing, memory and learning. Even though children with ADHD show deficits in receiving integrated information from the visual and auditory systems and despite strong theoretical backgrounds, it has been less addressed in working memory interventions. Therefore, the effect of modality on working memory training in the near and far transfer was investigated through two Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) sub-tests.

This study was conducted as a 20-session intervention program on 61 children with ADHD in the age group of 8-12 years. They were evaluated by Spatial Working Memory (SWM) and Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP) sub-tests. The subjects were divided into four groups: visual and auditory training groups and active and passive control groups. The intervention program included 40-60 minutes of working memory training for the training groups and 5-10 minutes for the active control group and no intervention for the non-active control group. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

Significant differences were observed in the post-test in both the visual and auditory groups in the sensitivity and bias (RVP), as well as total error index (SWM). However, in the use of strategy and reaction time, there were no significant differences.

Concerning the significant difference between training groups and control groups, the modality-based working memory training program seems successful. Also, the lack of significant difference between the visual and auditory groups indicates the same effect of both modalities on the near and far transfer.