Investigating the Identity of Rashudin Caliphs in Fażāel al-Ṣaḥāba by Neswī

From the critical discourse point of view, historical texts are not merely about reporting past events, but related to the way Muslim historians think about it. There is also a connection between the existing text and the political and religious structures and processes. In fact, the author encodes his ideology, the values ​​and beliefs of the society in a special and artistic style in the language. In other words, as the ideology and ideas of the historian and the society of his time have formed the history, it is a constructed issue. Therefore, any historical text can raise the question that to whom did the political, social and religious concerns of the historian draw attention and these names have what kind of identities, under what relationships, with what type of judgment, and using what words and in what kind of configurations. Relying on these theoretical foundations, although the narrations of Fażāel al-Ṣaḥāba are a reflection of the same narrations of the first centuries AH., the selection, arrangement and use of the words in this book have been formed in order to reject and highlight the identity of some companions of the Prophet (PBUH) in order to respond decisively to the religious-political process of the time or to move in the direction of endorsing these processes and ideologies. In this study, in order to retrieve the identity of the Rashidun Caliphs, we use the discourse analysis method of Fairclough to critique and examine the structure of sentences and words used in Fażāel al-Ṣaḥāba.