Investigation the effect of the Propylene Glycol as a Co-solvent on VEenriched nano-emulsion properties: Spontaneous Nano-emulsification

There is considerable interest in using nano-emulsions (NEs) as delivery systems forlipophilic bioactive ingredients. In this study, we investigated the influence of propylene glycol (PG)on the properties of VE enriched NEs prepared using the spontaneous emulsification (SE) method.The particle size and optical clarity of the NEs depended strongly on the co-solvent concentration.The smallest droplets (mean diameter less than 23.5, and 262.96) and highest transparency (lowestturbidity, 0.0069 cm-1, and 0.023 cm-1) were observed in the absence of the PG (A formulation) and thepresence of 10 wt.% PG (B formulation), respectively. However, these NEs were highly unstable todroplet growth during storage, especially at high temperatures, which was attributed to coalescenceand Ostwald ripening. Dilution of the NEs (100× with water) before storage considerably improvedtheir storage stability, especially at higher storage temperatures. Undiluted NEs exhibited a sharp andirreversible increase in turbidity upon heating: ≈75 °C and 50 °C for the systems in A formulation andB formulation, respectively. Diluted NEs had much better thermal stability, with a sharp increase inturbidity occurring at ≈75 °C for these systems. This study provides useful information for use in thepharmaceutical, foods, and beverages industries.