The fields and causes of social divergence of Islamic society in Baghdad during the era of Al-Buye

Baghdad, the multicultural capital of the Abbasid state, was opened in 334 AH by the Buyids (327-447 AH), while various ethnic groups and religions lived there. The Buyids domination of this city raised the sphere of power towards the Shiite religion and the Iranian nationality and faced a fundamental change in the ethnic-religious relations. The first generation of Buyid kings, although defining state relations under the general program of ethnic and religious interactions, prevented the grounds for social divergence. But the next generations of Buyid rulers, because they did not have the necessary power like past, despite the spirit of religious tolerance among these rulers, social unrest increased in the area under their control. The present study seeks to answer what is the most important context and causes of social divergence of Islamic society in the time of Al-Buye with a descriptive-analytical approach and based on the theory of "divergence of dynamic multicultural-multireligious societies". The findings show that the fields of social divergence in this period were: "lack of religious rationality", "ignorance among the people", "heterogeneous population" and "the dynamism of religious minorities". The causes of divergence were: "lack of security", "intellectual confrontation between religious Shiites and hadith scholars", "ethnic conflicts", "deception of public opinion" and "natural events".