An investigation on the relationship between food additives and fish stress

Proper nutrition is one of the most important pillars of success in the aquaculture industry, which accounts for about 50% of costs and on the other hand ensures survival, proper growth and aquatic health. The aquaculture industry always has stressors such as high density, transportation, manipulation and changes in water quality that have an adverse effect on fish health and growth. In fish, stressors initiate hormonal cascades along the hypothalamic-pituitary-internal (HPI) and hypothalamic-sympathetic-chromaffin (HSC) axes to trigger several physiological reactions to regulate and maintain homeostasis and adversely affect various fish physiological processes such as Grows growth, reproduction and immunity. In fish farming, several ways are used to prevent the negative effects of stress and achieve maximum animal health without affecting production performance, and the use of new feeding strategies is an easy and practical way to improve the health of fish. Changes in the ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the diet, the use of vitamins, especially ascorbic acid, new substances in biotechnology such as probiotics, nucleotides and polysaccharides have been studied. Fatty acids, probiotics and minerals. Immunosuppressants are prescribed as food additives, which usually increase innate (non-specific) defense mechanisms and resistance to certain pathogens, and increase inhibition of stress-induced immune suppression. In this review, different physiological responses were assessed among fish species fed stress-reducing diets.