Investigating the Crystallization of the Covenant of Estiman, Dhimme and Hodneh in Iranian Law and International Law

Aims and Field: 

school solely for the purpose of defending individual, national and human rights. From the point of view of political jurisprudence, the contracts of Dhimma, Hodneh and Estiman are the ways to end the war. These treaties explain the ways in which international and even civil disputes and conflicts are resolved before the advent of international law and its rules. At present, concepts such as international law, humanitarian law and the law of armed conflict prevail in international relations and are controlled and managed in the form of various treaties, conflicts and wars. This article tries to explore the crystallization of Estiman contract, Hodneh and Dhimma in Iranian law and international documents with a comparative study.

The type of research is descriptive-analytical and data collection has been done by documentary-library method.

According to the results of the research, from the point of view of political jurisprudence, before the war or during the war, the dhimma contract is considered one of the permanent ways to end the war. Also, the Hadna agreement is one of the ways to end the war temporarily. The findings indicate that according to the research conducted, the discussed contracts are the basis of the treaties compiled in the field of war management and control