Psychological capital is one of the concepts of positive psychology that causes flexibility and resilience in difficult situations. Based on this, psychological capital leads to the reduction of crime and damage. Since psychological capital is defined based on cognition, it is influenced by early maladaptive schemas. When early maladaptive schemas are activated, psychological disturbances follow. Also, personality factors that express differences in interactions are related to psychological capital. Perceived social support is the creation of belonging and the possibility for useful behaviors and informational, emotional, and material assistance. Today, focusing on strengths in various external (social support), internal (personality factors), and cognitive (early maladaptive schemas and psychological capital) dimensions, which is considered the basis of positive psychology, has been considered protective factors in crime that can improve mental health. This research aimed to analyze the path of psychological capital based on personality factors and early maladaptive schemas with the mediation of perceived social support in criminal offenders.
The current research was conducted using the correlation analysis method of the path analysis type. The research population included criminals who had committed murder, rape, armed robbery, and kidnapping. These defendants were arrested and prosecuted in Tehran and Alborz provinces, Iran. The sample included 291 criminals, who were selected by available sampling method. The criminals answered the questionnaires in Tehran Intelligence Police (Department 10 for murder, Department 16 for rape, Department 11 for kidnapping, and Department 5 for armed robbery) and Karaj Intelligence Police in Alborz Province. The Criminal Court of the Tehran Province and the Peace and Conciliation Unit of the Tehran Criminal Prosecutor's Office (District 27) responded voluntarily and in compliance with ethical principles. Questionnaires from 45 participants were excluded from the analysis due to incompleteness, and finally 246 questionnaires were analyzed. In this research, Psychological Capital Questionnaire (Luthans et al., 2007), Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (Zimet et al., 1988), Young Schema Questionnaire–Short Form (Young, 1998), and NEO–Five Factor Inventory (NEO–FFI) (Costa & McCree, 1992) were used. In this study, descriptive and inferential statistics such as unweighted least squares (ULS) were used. SPSS26 and LISREL software were used for data analysis, and the significance level for all tests was considered 0.05.
Findings showed that mistrust–abused (p<0.05, β=–0.174), failure (p<0.05, β=–0.040), enmeshment–undeveloped self (p<0.05, β=–0.051), emotional inhibition (p<0.05, β=–0.161), and unrelenting standards/hypercriticalness (p<0.05, β=–0.170) had an inverse relationship with psychological capital. Neuroticism (p<0.05, β=–0.005) and openness to experience (p<0.05, β=–0.080) had inverse relationships with the psychological capital. The relationship of social isolation–alienation (p<0.05, β=–0.33), self–sacrifice (p<0.05, β=–0.050), entitlement–grandiosity (p<0.05, β=–0.13), insufficient self–control/self–discipline (p<0.05, β=–0.16) with social support was inverse. Extroversion (p<0.05, β=0.091), conscientiousness (p<0.05, β=0.043) and perceived social support (p<0.05, β=0.071) had direct relationships with psychological capital. Neuroticism (p<0.05, β=–0.02), extroversion (p<0.05, β=–0.17), agreeableness (p<0.05, β=–0.17) with social support had inverse relationships and openness to experience (p<0.05, β=0.08) and conscientiousness (p<0.05, β=0.17) had positive relationships with social support. Perceived social support mediated between abandonment–instability (p<0.05, β=0.02), mistrust–abused (p<0.05, β=0.01), social isolation–alienation (p<0.05, β =–0.02), vulnerability to harm or illness (p<0.05, β=0.01), enmeshment–undeveloped self (p<0.05, β=0.01), self– sacrifice (p<0.05, β=–0.0001), entitlement–grandiosity (p<0.05, β=–0.01) and insufficient self–control/self–discipline (p<0.05, β=–0.01) and psychological capital. Social support mediated between neuroticism (β=–0.0001, p<0.05), extroversion (p<0.05, β=–0.01), openness to experience (p<0.05, β=0.01), agreeableness (p<0.05, β=–0.01), conscientiousness (p<0.05, β=0.01) and psychological capital. The values obtained for all the indicators were within the optimal range (GFI=0.99, AGFI=0.99, CFI=0.99, RMSEA=0.0001, χ2=0.45).
Based on the research findings, the psychological capital and perceived social support of criminals are influenced by the early maladaptive schemas and personality factors.
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