A Study of the Materials Used in Teymorid Miniature by Nondestructive Analyses

Identifying the type of pigments used in historical and cultural artifacts is one of the most important topics facing researchers in this scope, which can answer many questions and concepts in the field of conservation of historical and cultural artifacts. The use of non-destructive analysis methods to investigate and identify the type of materials and pigments used is also one of the most important technical topics in the field of cultural heritage studies, which is less discussed among researchers in this field. For this reason and for studying the historical artifact of the Timurid dynasty, non-destructive methods such as technical imaging (UVF, IRR, VIS), portable Raman spectroscopy, and portable X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy are used. The studied artwork is a folio from the Timurid Zafarnama manuscript of the 15th century AD. The most important pigments used in this artwork include red, blue, white, green, gold, brown, cream and orang. Data analysis shows the use of Indigi blue, Vermilion and Minium pigments as red, lead white, Malachite green and Litharge yellow. Some other pigments were created by the artist in combination, and some of the existing examples have been identified.