History of women's awakening; Representation of Women and Family Issues in the Journalism of the Constitutional Era in Iran

Iranian women, for the first time, owned newspapers for women with the advent of the Constitutional Revolution (1906). Newspapers were the only mass media in Iran during the Qajar period (1789-1925). Women's newspapers were also the most important tool of the women's movement in the struggle for gender equality. This study aimed to identify women's family issues and demands in women's newspapers in the constitutional era (1906-1925). The findings of this study showed that women's newspapers in the constitutional era considered the domination of patriarchy in society as the root of all women's issues and problems. Patriarchal domination for Iranian women had various consequences, including the forced marriage of girls, child marriage, polygamy for men, domestic violence against women, prevention of women's employment, feminization of poverty, and the spread of prostitution. For this reason, women in their newspapers strongly criticized the dominance of patriarchal discourse in society. They sought to undermine the patriarchal discourse in society. The purpose of the women's newspapers was to pave the way for family law changes in the country. In this way, they sought to control the negative consequences of patriarchy on the lives of Iranian women.