The challenges of the rice export from the northern regions of Iran to Russia during the years 1300-1304

Rice was one of the main export items of Iran to Russia during the Qajar period. This important issue can be mentioned from the point of view of financial value, volume and on the other hand, significant contribution to Iran's trade balance with Russia. In the meantime, the export of this product was done mainly from Mazandaran and Gilan, as important and long-standing centers of production, faced with serious challenges in the years 1300 to 1304. Therefore, this article tries to answer the question, what obstacles and problems did Iran's rice export to Russia face in the last years of the Qajar period? The authors of this article have found out that, with the descriptive-analytical method and relying on rare and new archival documents ,the Prohibition of rice export by the central government at different times, the occurrence of famine in Russia and the need of Russians for more food, the existence of the problem of smuggling and illegal transportation of rice, Transportation problems due to the lack of modern equipment and proper communication infrastructure, Product shortage and sharp price increase in the domestic market, the monopolistic approach and command economy of the Soviet government and finally, the conflict between the interests of traders and brokers in the rice market with the interests of the masses of people in northern Iran appeared as the most important challenges of rice export to Russia in the considered time period