The Key Role of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Testicular Torsion: A Review of Their Induction in Rat Model

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women, whose clinical symptoms include menstrual disorders, secondary amenorrhea, and hormonal disorders in blood serum, hirsutism, acne, obesity, and infertility. On the other hand, acute scrotum is a urological emergency, the symptoms of which include sudden pain in the scrotum and its redness and swelling. In this uropathology, the spermatic cord twists around its axis and disturbs the testicular perfusion. From the point of view that many of the endocrine and metabolic characteristics of the rat model of PCOS are similar to this syndrome in women, and also most of these characteristics in the model of ellipsoid torsion in rats are similar to ellipsoid torsion in men, Rat model is extensively used for induction. One of the important features of PCOS is a mild chronic inflammatory condition, which is considered as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. Inducing PCOS using androgens before birth is much more appropriate than postnatal induction of this syndrome in rats. The excessive amount of reactive oxygen species that are released in the environment during ischemic and reperfusion injury causes oxidative stress in the testicular parenchyma, damage to the cellular genome content, and induction of apoptosis through the activation of caspase cascades. All of these changes directly increase necrosis in testicular tissue.