Assessment of supply and demand multiple ecosystem services, using comprehensive framework in region 4 of Iran spatial plan

In recent decades, the severe disconnection between humans and the environment has caused instability in the provision of ecosystem services. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a suitable conceptual framework to express the relationship between the supply and demand of ecosystem services based on the socio-ecological network approach in order to help achieve environmental sustainability The aim of this study was to provide new conceptual services for providing suggested services and using ecosystem services based on the base ecosystem and the proposed ratio of soil retention, surface water production, food production, and carbon storage in the 4th region of planning of Iran. In this regard, a conceptual model was proposed and then a spatial analysis of the four ecosystem services was carried out. The results showed the spatial heterogeneity that exists after supply and consumption in all four services, especially surface water ecosystem services and food production. Based on the assessment of the comprehensive supply and demand ratio of ecosystem services, about 80% of the region is facing a deficit of ecosystem services and only 6% has a surplus of services, which is mainly in the middle part of Zagros, which has the highest amount of water production, carbon storage, and the least soil erosion. It will guarantee the ecological survival of the region. In fact, in order to mainstream the ecosystem approach in spatial planning, it is important to determine the focal point of ecosystem services by determining the ratio of supply and demand for making appropriate decisions by decision makers.