An overview of Traditional Pigments (Part II): Ultramarine Blue and Emerald Green

The passage of time and the progress of humanity is always directly related to the increase of human desire for creative creation artworks. The presence of pigments in cultural heritage is one of the things that has a creative expression in the artworks. Moreover, it contains valuable information about the evolution process of history and humanity. In the previous part of the review, studies of pigments, white lead, and red lead were investigated. In continuation of scientific studies, the present review provides a comprehensive point of view on traditional pigments, emerald green and ultramarine blue. For this purpose, by collecting and reviewing the current knowledge of this field, researchers have evaluated pigments from some points of view, including their structure, application, evolution throughout history, general pigment properties, preparation, and synthesis methods. Furthermore, optical properties, particle characteristics and some chemical properties, identification methods, and types of degradation in these pigments were examined. This research tries to strengthen the scientific and technical investigation of historical pigments based on valid scientific data.