A Comparative Study of Political Ethics' Doctrines in Liberalism Theory and Alavi Seerah based on Ontological Perspective with an Emphasis on Malik Ashtar's Treaty

One of the constant issues in the prevailing theories of international relations is the relationship between ethics and politics. The theory of liberalism, as one of the most influential theories of international relations, has specific political ethics doctrines rooted in its ontological foundations. In this article, an attempt is made to compare these teachings with political ethics in the Alavi seerah. So, the differences and commonalities of political ethics in the Alavi seerah based on Malik Ashtar's treaty and liberalism theory in international relations are pointed out according to ontology to display that the political ethics considered by the Alavi seerah, which is based on Islamic ontology and based on moral values, is essentially different from its Western counterparts, which lack moral norms. The findings of this research indicated that the moral and political doctrines of the theory of liberalism have not only not helped to improve the moral and political situation among the nations, but due to its ontological foundations, moral virtues have been ignored more and more as a result of pursuing self-interested policies. It seems that today's world needs a review of the ethical and political ontology of international relations. In the meantime, studying Alavi seerah can guide the world community toward human virtues and the governance of a humanitarian and ethical environment in international relations.