Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease (AITD) in Type 1 Diabetes: The Role of Autoantibodies (anti-TPO and anti-TG) and Cytokines (IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α)

Diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM), which is also an autoimmune disorder, can coexist alongside other types of autoimmune diseases. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of a subclinical association between diabetes disease and autoimmune thyroid dysfunction. The clinical condition of the patient and their approach to managing their diabetes were specifically considered when deciding whether or not the patient had autoantibodies. This study included sixty individuals who were diagnosed with diabetes type 1. (thirty males and thirty women, with a mean age of 21.04 years) and 30 healthy controls (12 males and 18 females). Diabetics had considerably greater serum IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α levels than healthy controls. Stepwise regression indicated significant positive correlations between IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α with these antibodies and strong inversed relationships between IL-6 and Anti-TPO, Anti-TG, antibodies.. No matter if the antibodies were present or how severe they were, this held true. The study's findings lend credence to the idea that people with type 1 diabetes should have their thyroid antibodies and function checked. Thyroid antibodies were most common among type 1 diabetics aged 21–35, according to our study (Anti-TPO and Anti-TG). IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in diabetic patients and controls were significantly different (P<0.01). IL-10, TNF-α, HbA1C, and body mass index positively correlated with thyroid antibodies, except for IL-6. Thyroid antibodies and functional abnormalities should be tested often in type 1 diabetics due to the high occurrence of thyroid autoimmune illnesses.