The Personality of Unauthorized Owner (Fuḍūlī) and Its Impact on the Validity of His Transactions

The majority of jurists have not emphasized the personality of the unauthorized owner (Fuḍūlī) in the context of transactions with unauthorized owners, and have generally applied the term without restriction. According to these jurists, anyone can play the role of the unauthorized owner (Fuḍūlī). This approach exists within both well-known perspectives, namely the validity of the unauthorized owner, and the lesser-known view which is the rejection of the unauthorized owner. In the conflict between validity and rejection, famous juriconsults have engaged in interpretations of the rejection narratives that are in no way justifiable. These interpretations are offered on the basis of neglecting the conditions of validity narratives and stem from the groundless affirmation of the verdicts regarding transactions of unauthorized ownership. By carefully analyzing the lives and customs of intellectuals and validity narratives regarding unauthorized owners, we encounter conditions on which the validity of unauthorized ownership transactions is based. The absence of these conditions in the aforementioned examples in other narratives is considered as the reason behind their rejection. Therefore, the application does not exist in either of the categories and consequently it is not valid to consider such transactions as absolutely valid or invalid. These conditions are rooted in the unauthorized owner’s personality and include: harmony between the unauthorized owner and the genuine owner (Aṣīl), the unauthorized owner being trusted by the genuine, and the unity of contractor and the contracted. By referring to general norms and reports regarding the validity or rejection of unauthorized ownership transactions, it is proved that the validity and rejection of transactions depend on the inherent characteristics of the unauthorized owner.