Investigating the Nature of Rebellion and Combativeness; From Synonymy to Disparity in the Jurisprudential Thought of the Five Islamic Schools of Thought

A precise demarcation of crimes deserving punishment is imperative according to Islamic law, essential for the regulation of criminal justice within Islamic society. The delineation between the offenses of "baghy" (insurgence) and "muḥāraba" (waging war) within Islamic jurisprudence, along with the diverse perspectives of jurists on this matter, presents challenges and complexities. To elucidate each crime's nuances and respective legal consequences, a thorough analysis is required. This article employs a descriptive-analytic approach, drawing upon religious texts, evidential examination, and argumentative analysis to distinguish "baghy" and "muḥāraba" from both Shiite and Sunni perspectives. By outlining their similarities and disparities as articulated by Imami and Sunni jurists and Quranic scholars, we assert that "baghy" and "muḥāraba" represent distinct transgressions, notwithstanding their resemblances. "Baghy" entails inciting rebellion against a just Imam or leader, endangering the safety and security of the populace, whereas "muḥāraba" involves intimidating fellow Muslims, pillaging their possessions, and shedding their blood to instill fear and insecurity. Consequently, they carry distinct legal rulings and implications within Islamic jurisprudence.