Monolayer Graphene: Revolutionizing Graphene Field Effect Transistors (GFETs) and Graphene Hall Sensor Technologies in Biomedical Applications

Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice, exhibits extraordinary properties that have attracted widespread attention across various scientific disciplines. This paper explores the transformative impact of monolayer graphene in the field of sensor technology, specifically focusing on Graphene Field-Effect Transistors (GFETs) and Graphene Hall Sensors, and their applications in biomedical contexts. The unique combination of mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and optical transparency in monolayer graphene has positioned it as an ideal material for sensor development. In the biomedical domain, graphene’s biocompatibility and high surface area have opened avenues for applications in drug delivery systems, biosensors, and biomaterials for tissue engineering. The paper delves into the operational principles of GFETs, highlighting their ambipolar electric field effect, reduced short channel effects, and recent advancements in bandgap engineering. GFETs offer versatility in high-frequency electronics, digital electronics, sensing applications, and flexible/wearable electronics. The fabrication process of GFETs involves synthesizing high-quality graphene, transferring it onto substrates, precise patterning, and electrode fabrication. These steps play a crucial role in determining the final performance and application potential of GFETs. Graphene Hall Sensors, another focus of this paper, leverage graphene’s exceptional electronic properties for unparalleled precision in magnetic field detection. The advantages include high sensitivity, low power consumption, and compatibility with flexible substrates. The fabrication process involves synthesizing high-quality graphene, transferring it onto substrates, precise patterning, and final integration steps. The paper concludes by emphasizing the pivotal role of monolayer graphene in advancing sensor technologies, particularly in biomedical applications. The review underscores the potential of graphene-based sensors in enhancing sensitivity, specificity, and overall performance, thereby contributing to advancements in personalized medicine, health monitoring, and environmental sensing.