Comparative Analysis of NO₂, SO₂, CO, HCHO, and Aerosol Variations in Baghdad and Damascus Using Sentinel-5P and Giovanni Data via Google Earth Engine

 This study aims to assess and analyze the distribution and levels of key atmospheric pollutants NO₂, SO₂, CO, HCHO, and Aerosols in Baghdad and Damascus from 2019 to 2022, exploring the impact of urbanization, industrial activities, and climatic conditions on air quality.

  Remote sensing data from Sentinel-5P (TROPOMI) and Giovanni NASA through Google Earth Engine (GEE) were utilized to monitor atmospheric pollutants at a regional scale, providing high-resolution data for comprehensive analysis of pollutant concentration trends.

 The study reveals significantly higher levels of air pollution in Baghdad compared to Damascus, primarily due to its higher population density, intense industrial activities, and limited vegetation cover. Seasonal variations in pollutant levels were observed, with higher concentrations in colder months. Land use maps highlight urban sprawl in both cities, with Baghdad experiencing more extreme temperature variations and poorer air quality due to limited green spaces. Wind dynamics and runoff data further illustrate the role of climatic and geographical conditions in shaping pollutant distribution and water management needs.

The findings underscore the complex relationship between urbanization, pollution, and environmental factors in Baghdad and Damascus. While both cities face significant environmental challenges, Baghdad’s rapid urbanization and industrial activities make it more vulnerable to pollution. The study emphasizes the need for sustainable urban planning, effective pollution management strategies, and the integration of green spaces to mitigate environmental degradation and improve air quality. Remote sensing tools are essential for monitoring and managing pollution levels in both cities.