Agrophysiological reaction of Chenopodium quinoa to foliar application of iron and proline nanoparticles at different culture dates

One of the benefits of agricultural research is the introduction of new and suitable plants for food production according to the agricultural conditions in the country. Quinoa consumption has become very common in countries around the world. On the other hand, climate change has made it necessary to pay attention to the planting date. In order to investigate the possibility of ecophysiological compatibility of quinoa in different cultivation dates under the influence of foliar application of iron and proline nanoparticles on yield and related experimental traits in two consecutive years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in February in the farm of Sarableh Research Center in Ilam province as a split-split plot In the framework of the basic design, randomized complete blocks with three replications were implemented. The main factor included the planting date on 3 dates: 4th February, 19th February and 4th March. The secondary factor included proline in 2 levels of non-consumption and consumption. The sub-factor included iron nanoparticles in four levels of non-consumption, consumption of 3.0 grams, consumption of 6.0 grams and consumption of 9.0 grams. Before statistical analysis and analysis of variance, the test of normal distribution of data and errors was performed using SAS software and also before the combined analysis of variance, the homogeneity test of variance of experimental errors (Bartlett test) was performed. Then, two-year data were analyzed using SAS software version 9, combined analysis, and mean comparison and graph plots were performed using Excel. Duncan test was used to compare means. The results showed that the interaction of iron nanoparticles and planting date on flowering branch height; The interaction effects of planting date, iron and proline nanoparticles on 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were significant. On the 4th March planting date, proline consumption and consumption of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles, the highest number of flowering branches was obtained with 31.4. The highest 1000-seed weight was obtained on the 4th March planting date and consumption of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles in the amount of 5.87 g. In all planting dates, proline consumption and consumption of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles increased the weight of 1000 seeds and the number of flowering branches. The highest amount of biological yield was obtained on the 4th March and the use of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles and proline consumption (5424.5 kg ha-1) and the lowest amount of biological yield was obtained on the 4th February without iron nanoparticles and no proline ( 3688 kg ha-1) was obtained. In all planting dates, proline consumption and consumption of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles increased biological yield. The highest grain yield with a rate of 2238.1 kg ha-1 was obtained in the treatment of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles and proline consumption and also the lowest grain yield with a rate of 1858.7 kg  ha-1 was obtained in the treatment of no proline consumption and no consumption of iron nanoparticles. In all planting dates, proline consumption and consumption of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles increased seed yield. In general, in all planting dates, proline consumption and consumption of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles increased the number of flowering branches and 1000-seed weight as the main components of grain yield, which was followed by grain yield and harvest index. Also, in all planting dates, proline consumption and consumption of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles increased plant height and on the other hand, due to the fact that plant height has a transient effect on biological yield, this treatment combination increased plant dry matter yield. According to the obtained results, the date of cultivation is 4th March, the use of proline and treatment of 0.9 g of iron nanoparticles to achieve high grain production in the region under cultivation conditions is recommended to slightly increase the yield components.