The Effects of COVID-19 on Financial Distress and Tax Avoidance

Financially distressed firms are actively seeking ways to minimize tax-related cash outflows. During the COVID-19 pandemic, as financial constraints intensified, tax savings emerged as a vital source of internal financing for these firms. As a result, financially distressed firms are more likely to adopt tax avoidance strategies. This study aimed to investigate the impact of financial distress on tax avoidance and how this relationship manifested during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research sample consisted of 162 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) from 2017 to 2022. The findings revealed that financial distress had a positive and significant effect on tax avoidance, indicating that firms experiencing greater financial distress were more likely to engage in tax avoidance throughout the study period. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic did not significantly moderate the relationship between financial distress and tax avoidance. While this study contributed to the existing literature on the effects of financial distress on tax avoidance, it also enhanced our understanding of how financial crises, particularly those resulting from COVID-19, influenced this relationship. Moreover, contrary to the initial research hypotheses, the findings suggested that COVID-19 did not significantly impact the relationship between financial distress and tax avoidance.
Keywords: Financial Distress, Tax Avoidance, COVID-19 Pandemic, Tax Discount.
JEL Classification: H26, G32, M41, M48
 
In times of financial distress, firms often deplete a significant portion of their cash reserves, exacerbating their financial challenges. This state of distress drives companies to seek ways to reduce tax-related cash outflows, increasing the likelihood that financially distressed firms will engage in tax avoidance (Brondolo, 2009). Several studies (e.g., Edwards et al., 2016; Richardson et al., 2015; Mokhtari, 2019; Hajiha et al., 2017) provide evidence supporting a positive relationship between financial distress and tax avoidance. The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced unprecedented economic challenges and uncertainties for firms worldwide. In response to these uncertainties, managers are compelled to develop various strategies, with tax avoidance emerging as a preferred method for generating internal cash flows. This study aimed to examine the impact of financial distress on tax avoidance and investigate the moderating effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the relationship between financial distress and tax avoidance. Our research contributed significantly to the existing literature. First, our findings enhanced the body of research on tax avoidance among financially distressed firms (e.g., Edwards et al., 2016; Dang & Tran, 2021; Sadjiarto et al., 2020; Putri & Chariri, 2017; Nugroho et al., 2020; Mokhtari, 2019; Qavi Panjeh & Gharib, 2018; Hajiha et al., 2017). Second, by considering both macroeconomic and firm-level factors that influenced corporate tax strategies, this study deepened our understanding of how firms utilized tax avoidance as a strategy during periods of uncertainty. This study examined the following hypotheses:H1: Financial distress is associated with tax avoidance. 
H2: The COVID-19 pandemic moderates the relationship between financial distress and tax avoidance.
 
Materials & Data were collected from 162 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) between 2015 and 2022, resulting in a total of 972 firm-year observations. The sample excluded firms from the insurance, financial, and banking sectors. Tax avoidance was measured as the difference between a firm's cash taxes paid adjusted for any tax refunds receivable and the product of its pretax book income and the statutory tax rate. This measure was then scaled by the book value of the firm's assets. A firm was considered to engage in tax avoidance when its cash taxes paid were less than its pretax income multiplied by the statutory tax rate. Since part of the tax paid in the current period might pertain to taxes determined in prior periods, the tax expense reported in the income statement was used in place of cash taxes paid for this analysis. Financial distress was assessed using the Altman Z Score. The COVID-19 pandemic served as the moderating variable represented as a dummy variable with a value of 1 for the COVID-19 period and zero otherwise. The years 2019 and 2020 were designated as the COVID-19 outbreak period. To test the research hypotheses, regression models were estimated using the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) estimator.
 
Table 1 presents the results of the GLS regression analysis regarding the impact of financial distress on tax avoidance, as well as the moderating effect of COVID-19 on this relationship. Column 1 shows the effect of financial distress on tax avoidance. The findings indicated that the coefficient for financial distress was positive and statistically significant, suggesting that financial distress was associated with increased tax avoidance. Furthermore, the results revealed that the coefficient for the interaction term (COVID*FD) was not statistically significant, indicating that the COVID-19 variable did not have a significant effect on the relationship between financial distress and tax avoidance. Consequently, the model estimation results did not support our second hypothesis.
 
Discussion & Tax avoidance is a strategy used to minimize tax liabilities. Theoretical arguments and empirical evidence suggest that financially distressed firms have a stronger incentive to engage in tax avoidance as tax savings can provide an alternative source of financing. Furthermore, during crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the significance of tax savings increases for firms facing heightened financial challenges. This study investigated the moderating effect of COVID-19 on the relationship between financial distress and tax avoidance. The findings indicated that financial distress positively affected tax avoidance, supporting the notion that financially distressed firms are more likely to adopt tax avoidance strategies. These results are consistent with previous theoretical frameworks and empirical studies, including Edwards et al. (2016), Dang and Tran (2021), Mills and Newberry (2005), Sadjiarto et al. (2020), Putri and Chariri (2017), Nugroho et al. (2020), Richardson et al. (2015), Hasan et al. (2017), Akamah et al. (2021), Dyreng and Markle (2016), Hajiha et al. (2017), and Mokhtari (2019). Moreover, while several studies indicated that firms adopt aggressive tax strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of uncertainty (Lee et al., 2021; Guenther et al., 2019; Huang et al., 2017), this study found that the COVID-19 outbreak did not significantly moderate the relationship between financial distress and tax avoidance. The contributions of this study enrich the growing body of literature on corporate tax strategies during times of crisis. The findings have important implications for both corporate managers and investors. For corporate managers, the results underscore the importance of tax avoidance strategies. When considering tax avoidance, managers should weigh the benefits, such as reduced tax liabilities and increased cash flow, against potential costs, including audit expenses, penalties, and reputational damage that may arise.