The Concept of Freedom in the Thought of Mirza Malkum Khan

The concept of freedom is one of the most fundamental ideas of the modern era. It emerged during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution alongside concepts such as law and equality. This concept sparked disagreements and debates. The present article examines the concept of freedom in the thought of one of the intellectuals of the Constitutional era, Mirza Malkum Khan. Using a descriptive and analytical approach and relying on Malkum Khan's writings, it seeks to answer the question of what Malkum thought of the concept of freedom. The research shows that Mirza Malkum Khan focused less on the philosophical foundations of freedom and more on its practical manifestations. Among freedoms, he has focused on the freedom and security of life, property, press, and expression. He did not consider freedom to be absolute and set boundaries for it, distinguishing it from chaos. Another notable point in Malkum Khan's thought is his emphasis on the role of the people and their desire for freedom in the emergence of the concept of freedom.