Thermodynamics of Small Systems-Correction in General Hill's Theory

One of the most important sciences that enter in all fields is nanotechnology. Granular and nanoscale materials containing a relatively small number of constituents have been studied to discover how their properties differ from their macroscopic counterparts. These studies are designed on thermodynamics. Thermodynamics of colloidal systems, protein and enzyme solutions and thermodynamics of materials are the most important discussions of thermodynamics of small system. An important feature that must be incorporated into the theory is the non-additive property because of the importance of ‘surface’ contributions to the Physics of these systems. There are currently two approaches to incorporate this property: Hill (with Chamberlin) initiated an approach by modifying the thermodynamic relations by taking into account the surface effects; the other generalizes Boltzmann-Gibbs statistical mechanics by relaxing the additivity properties of thermodynamic quantities to include nonextensive features of such systems. An outline of this generalization of the macroscopic thermodynamics to nano-systems will be given. In this research, thermal fluctuation effects (that has important application in industries) will be considered in Hill, s theory.