Science Theology Enlightenment

In this article, John Hedley Brooke offers an introduction and critical guide to one of the most fascinating and enduring issues in the development of the modern world: the relationship between scientificthought and religious belief. It is common knowledge that in western societies there have been periods of crisis when new science has threatened established authority. The trial of Galileo in 1633 and the uproar caused by Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859) are two of the mostfamous examples. Taking account of recent scholarship in the history of science, Brooke takes a fresh look at these and similar episodes, showing that science and religion have been mutually relevant in so rich a variety of ways that no simple generalizations are possible. A special feature of the article is that Brooke stands back from general theses affirming ‘conflict’ or harmony’, which have so often served partisan interests. His object is to reveal the subtlety, complexity, and diversity of the interaction as it has taken place in the past and in the twentieth century. Instead of treating science and religion as discreet definable entitles, a historical approach requires sensitivity to shifting boundaries and a willingness to consider the contexts in which particular forms of ‘science’ could be used for both religious and secular ends.