Good and Evil in Akhund Khurasani's View

The issue of good and evil was a case in point in ancient Greece, and developed among Islamic Theologians afterwards. Among them, the famous legal theoretician, Mulla Muhammad Kazem Akhund Khurasani, has presented the theory of consistency or inconsistency with rational faculty regarding the rational good and evil. In this view, in the section on semantics, the difference in existential wideness or narrowness leads to good or evil effects which, in turn, cause consistency or inconsistency with rational faculty which prepares the ground for praising or blaming the actor. The ontological approach is very strong in this regard, because it considers the perfection or imperfection of the actions as involved in perception of ease or harshness. It is also completely consistent with absolutism in moral propositions. From the epistemological aspect, based on realism in moral propositions, identifying good and evil by the reason has been regarded a possibility, because it is through consistency or inconsistency with reason that rationality of values is proved, and good or evil is perceived, which necessarily leads to praising and blaming the given actor. This is in contrast to publicity of moral propositions, which regards no reality for good and evil other than publicity and their being according to the wise's opinions.