The condition of Mahakim (courts) in the Ilkhanid Era

The judiciary system of Iran before its invasion by the Mongols was Islamic and the laws and rules were based upon Islam. The Islamic judiciary system in Iran was also deeply affected by the Iranian ancient system. In the Iranian courts of the Islamic era, based on the judiciary system of the ancient Persia, there was a supreme judge similar to the head of the Zorastrian clerics who stood at the head of this system. Immediately close to him was the judge next to him how was the deputy of the supreme judge and was influenced by the Islamic jurisprudence system, the witnesses, the lawyers, and the people who were faithful to the judge were placed in the subsequent ranks. This structure was somehow maintained till the invasion by the Mongols and the founding of the Ilkhanid government. Then, the judiciary system of Iran was based on the Mongol, Iranian and Islamic principle. With the arrival of the Mongol, Yasa laws entered Iran. Their courts were called Yarghu and they issued their verdicts on the basis of the Yasa. However, considering the negligence of the Mongols, they left Yarghu for the Mongols and other non-Mongol rulers and kept the Islamic courts for ordinary people. The dominance of the Mongols over Iran and the turbulant conditions of the country led to the prevalence of folk ways and rules. Therefore, a new type of court also appeared which was based on the folk ways along with the Islamic and Yarghu courts. Divan-e Hakamiat which was mostly based on folk ways and manners appeared and it didnot care for the Islamic rules. Olus and Olka were courts which were solely for the Mongols and the Mongols chose them in place of the Yarghus. After the conversion of the Ilkhanids and their fall, the non-Islamic Mongol courts lost their power and the Islamic courts replaced them to the extent that in the Safavid era, no Mongol court existed and no Mongol legal rules.