Signal Transduction Pathways in Resistance to Plant Viruses

Plants show defensive responses against various pathogens including viruses by activation multiple resistant mechanisms such as hypersensitive response and systemic acquired resistance. Plant resistance involve in recognizing of viruses and signaling after virus recognition. In this regard, plant resistant proteins recognize viral Avr products directly or indirectly. After recognizing viruses by plants, R protein complex function should be changed from recognition to signal transduction. Different molecules including reactive oxygen intermediates, nitric oxide, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, polyamins and MAP kinase cascades play a role in these signaling pathways. It seems that plants develop connection between these pathways to limit viral infections effectively.