A conceptual and case study about Holes in the state

Holes in the state have been introduced as organized phenomenon that would challenge widely existence and sovereignty of the states within geographic domain. With respect to this fact, it is significant to determine holes in the state as a challenging factor exerted on sovereignty and security of the states. Through the present study while presenting schematic definitions about some concepts close to concept of holes in the state, such as effective national territory, the effective state area, core area, and penetration crisis, concept of holes in the state will be defined. Meanwhile, kinds of this phenomenon are recited through four scopes regarding to their characteristics, geographic location, periodic context, and function. Any of these holes would be formed based on periodic and locational conditions and would exert risks on sovereignty as well as security of the state; so it necessitates identifying them with aim of continuing sovereignty of states. The applied method of the presents study is based on descriptive and basic procedures; conducted individually utilizing sources such as academic libraries and internet.