The purpose of research is comparison methods of cadmium telluride quantum dot and magnetic silica core shell for detection of aflatoxin B1 based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET( from cadmium telluride quantum dot to Rho123. Cadmium telluride quantum dot was synthesized by reflux method aquatic phase, high temperature, alkalin pH and under nitrogen flow. The thioglycolic acid is used as a stabilizing and capping agent. After quantum dot synthesis, bougthen anti aflatoxin B1 antibody immobilized on the surface of quantum dot. Subsequently, magnetic silica core shell by using FeCl3 and FeSO4 synthesized under nitrogen flow and alkalin pH and to increase TEOS solution. After preparation aflatoxin B1-albumin bioconjugate is labeled with Rho 123. The specific immune-reaction between the anti-aflatoxin B1 antibody on the quantum dot and the labeled-aflatoxin B1 brings the Rho 123 fluorophore (the acceptor), and the quantum dot (the donor (in close spatial proximity and causes FRET to occur upon photoexcitation of the quantum dot. In the absence of unlabeled aflatoxin B1, the antigen-antibody complex is stable and strong emission of quantum dot observe. In the presence of free aflatoxin B1, it will compete with the labeled aflatoxin B1-albumin complex for binding to the antibody- quantum dot conjugate so that FRET increasingly suppressed. There is a linear relationship between the decreased fluorescence intensity of Rho 123 with increasing concentration of aflatoxin B1 in the range of 0.01-0.06 μmol.mL-1.By using the magnetic silica core shell as a signal intensifier brings sensitivity of the system increased from 2×10-11 to 2×10-12 μmol.mL-1.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding of two commercial absorbent products in feeds and to compare the results with the effect of adding of natural zeolite in reducing the adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 on broiler growth, performance and immune system. In this study, 200 one day old Arian 386 broiler chickens were used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 4 replications and 10 chicks per each treatment. Experimental groups were as follows: negative control fed basal diet; positive control fed basal diet plus 1 mg aflatoxin B1 kg-1 diet; and three other groups fed 25g/kg Milbond-TX, Polysorb and Zeolite with 1 mg/kg aflatoxin B1, respectively. Feed intake did not significantly differ between the groups. The body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of birds fed contaminated diets were significantly decreased and increased, respectively but adding of the absorbent materials to contaminated feed caused a significant improvement in body weight gain and feed conversion. Among the internal organs, the spleen relative weights increased by consumption of aflatoxin B1contaminated feed. Aflatoxin B1 use without absorbent materials significantly decreased antibody production against Newcastle disease vaccine in 21 day. In addition, produced antibodies against sheep red blood cells in 35 day of age in birds fed aflatoxin B1 contaminated diets were reduced. The results of this study showed that the adding of natural zeolite and commercial absorbents in feeds contaminated with aflatoxin B1 causes improved performance and immune system compared with the group that received the aflatoxin B1 alone.

In order to assess the effects of Silibum marianum seed(SMS) and Thymus vulgaris (TM)powderson carcass traits, some blood metabolites and immune system responses of chickens which fed by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminated diet (2 mg/kg) during 1 to 21 d of age, a total of 200 male broilers (Ross 308) were used in completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates (10 birds per replicate). The experimental dietary treatments included: 1) control diet (without contamination, negative control), 2) AFB1 contaminated diet (positive control), 3) AFB1 contaminated diet 1% SMS, 4) AFB1 contaminated diet 1 % TM, 5) AFB1 contaminated diet 1% SMS 1 % TM. The results of current study indicated that feeding AFB1 containing diet increased liver weight compared with 1 and 3 groups and supplementation of AFB1 contaminated diet with SMS attenuated effects of AFB1 on liver weight (P0.05), while supplementation of AFB1 contaminated diets with SMS and SMS and TM combination significantly increased lymphocyte proliferation test and respiratory burst in monocytes (P

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 in broiler chickens. A total of 480 1-d-old broiler Ross 308 (male and female) were completely randomized disgine with a 2× 2 × 2 factorial arrangements (sex and feed additives) with 4 replicates of 15 birds. Factors includes sex (male and female); probiotic (control, 108 cfu/mL B. amyloliquefaciens); aflatoxin (control, 500 AFB1 µg/kg), Performance, the activity of liver enzymes, immune and some blood parameters were not affected by sex (p> 0.05). Body weight and feed intake of aflatoxin B1 group were significantly decreased compared other (p< 0.05). There was no significantly drffenece in feed conversion ratio compared with other groups during total period (p>0.05). Activity of liver enzymes including aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly increased in aflatoxin B1 group (p<0.05). The counts of red blood cells and withe blood cells, hematocrite and hemoglobin percentages were significantly decreased in aflatoxin B1 group compared with other (p<0.05). The aflatoxin B1 group has shown the lowest of antibody production against newcastle disease and sheep blood red cell also, the lowest of skin thickness in responding to phytohaemagglutinin (p<0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of B. amyloliquefaciens to contaminated food could be improved performance and increased the activity of liver enzyme and immune response in broilers.

Aflatoxin B1 has harmful effects on the nervous-cerebral system. Therefore, in this study the effects of Aflatoxin B1 on the development of the hippocampus of neonatal rats were investigated. After the preparation of Aflatoxin B1, 18 pregnant female Wistar rats with an average weight of 85±10 g were used. Animals were divided into three groups: sham (receiving sesame oil as a solvent of Aflatoxin B1), Aflatoxin B1 and Healthy control. According to the results of immunohistochemical studies, Aflatoxin B1 treated groups showed a statistically significant decrease in Ki-67 and NeuN expression compared to the control group (P <0.01). While the expression level of the GFAP in comparison with the control group had a statistically significant increase (P <0.01). On the other hand, a significant decrease in the expression of NeuN and Ki-67 proteins and an increase in the expression of GFAP were observed, which were confirmed by observations from fluorescent immunohistochemical imaging. Aflatoxin B1 disrupts neuronal differentiation and increases brain damage by disrupting the activity and expression of vital proteins in the hippocampus, which was demonstrated by a sharp decrease in NeuN and an increase in GFAP.

Fungal toxins are also of considerable importance and are always placed next to plant pesticides and heavy metals. Mycotoxins are small molecules that are produced as secondary metabolites by filamentous fungi and yeasts. Aflatoxins, secondary metabolites of various Aspergillus spp, commonly contaminate a wide variety of tropical and subtropical food/feedstuffs. Chemically, aflatoxins are difuranocoumarin compounds and include B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, and M2. The removal of aflatoxins from contaminated food is a major problem in livestock and poultry nutrition and the pollution removal methods are based on the decomposition, destruction, inactivation, or removal of aflatoxins through biological, chemical, or physical methods. In recent years, the study of the effect of plants and their extracts and compounds on things such as reducing microbial growth and the effect on microorganisms has increased dramatically. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of the combination of garlic and turmeric extract on the amount of plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, the amount of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde in rats intoxicated with aflatoxin B1. In this research, 64 male Wistar rats with an average body weight of 250-300 g were used to evaluate the synergistic effect of garlic and turmeric extract against the damage caused by aflatoxin B1 in the form of a completely randomized design as a factorial experiment (2×2×2). Eight groups were tested for 28 days in the animal dissection laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture of Birjand University, observing all ethical considerations. This study aimed to determine the synergistic effect of garlic and turmeric extracts for possible protection against injury induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Rats were divided into eight groups and treated for 28 days including control (0.2 ml sterile distilled water orally), AFB1 (100 µg/kg BW orally), garlic extract (GE) (50 mg/kg BW orally), Turmeric extract (TE) (100 mg/kg BW orally), GE plus TE, AFB1 plus GE, AFB1 plus TE, AFB1 plus GE and TE. At the end of the treatment period, blood samples were collected for biochemical study. Daily administration of aflatoxin B1 at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for 28 days resulted in increased levels of AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, and malondialdehyde, along with decreased total antioxidant capacity, T3 (triiodothyronine), and T4 (thyroxine). The use of garlic extract (GE), turmeric extract (TE), and their combination showed a positive effect in mitigating aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity. These treatments significantly reduced AST, ALP, total bilirubin, and malondialdehyde levels while significantly increasing total antioxidant capacity and T3 levels.Although GE and TE individually did not show significant effects on the measured parameters, their combination was more effective. Notably, the combination of GE and TE led to a significant increase in T4 levels and a significant decrease in ALT levels compared to the aflatoxin B1 control group. These findings suggest that the combination of garlic and turmeric extracts may have a synergistic protective effect against aflatoxin B1 toxicity. In examining the ALP factor, there was a statistically significant difference between the treatments of garlic or turmeric extract and the combination of these two extracts. One of the possible protective mechanisms of these plants is their antioxidant property, which prevents the activity of free radicals produced by aflatoxin B1. The results of the present study indicate that the use of garlic extract at the rate of 50 mg/kg of body weight, turmeric extract at the rate of 100 mg/kg of body weight, and their combination reduces the level of toxicity caused by aflatoxin B1. The use of garlic, turmeric extract, and their combination improves liver function indicators and reduces liver enzymes such as AST, ALT, ALP, and total bilirubin. These results show that the extract of garlic, turmeric, and their combination have a protective effect on the liver. The use of turmeric extract, garlic, and the combination of garlic and turmeric extract in the absence of aflatoxin B1 intoxication did not affect the measured variables. In general, the combination of GE and TE may have a synergistic effect in reducing the adverse effects of AFB1.

Aflatoxin B1 is produced by Aspergillus falvus and Aspergillus parasiticus which affect rumen motility and feed degradation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aflatoxin B1 on rumen fermentation in the presence of Lactobacillus buchneri additive using in vitro gas production technique. Experimental treatments were: basal diet, basal diet with 0.5 mg/ml aflatoxin B1, basal diet with 1 mg/ml aflatoxin B1, and aflatoxin B1 contaminated base diet (1 mg/ml) with addition levels of Lactobacillus buchneri 0.01, 0.1 and 0.2 ng/kg diet, respectively. Gas volume of each bottles were recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours of incubation. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design with three replications. According to the results of gas production, aflatoxin B1 affect the rumen fermentation and reduced gas production volume (429 ml) compared to control group (382 ml) (P <0.05). At 120 h incubation time, the highest and lowest gas production volume was related to control group  and treatment with 0.2 ng L. buchneri (P <0.05). Addition of Lactobacillus buchneri caused an increase in the estimated parameters include ME, NEL and organic matter digestibility. Also, the L. buchneri addition at levels of 0.01, 0.1 and 0.2 ng/kg significantly reduced pH of diet contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (P<0.05). According to the results it concluded that, in vitro digestibility increased by L. buchneri and it has ability to inhibit aflatoxin B1 reverse effect in in vitro rumen fermentation of dairy cattle diet.

In this study، using a liquid-liquid microextraction method for pre-concentration trace amounts of aflatoxins، the amount of Aflatoxins B1 and B2 in powdered milk was determined. Determination of aflatoxins was done by using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescent detector. Samples were extracted by immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up، and their eluents were used as dispersants of the subsequent DLLME، for further enrichment of aflatoxins. Various parameters (the type of elution solvent، the type and volume of extraction solvent and disperser solvent، extraction time and centrifugation time) that affect the efficiency of two steps were optimized. Under the optimum conditions، the calibrations for B1 and B2 were found to be linear in the range of 0. 03 -5. 0 and 0. 006-1. 0 ng ml-1 with 0. 98 and 0. 99 coefficient of estimation (R2)، respectively. The results showed that dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with HPLC is a selective، simple، sensitive and effective analytical method for the pre-concentration and determination of ultra trace amounts of aflatoxins. The method is suggested for pre-concentration and determination of B1 and B2 aflatoxins in milk powder.