In this study, 180 Beluga (Huso huso) weighing 120±0g each with a stocking density of 12 fish per tank were adapted with synthetic diet and then fed with different levels of AFBI (0, 25, 50, 75 & 100ppb/kg of diets) under controlled conditions (T=18±2°C, DO=7. 3ppm). The fish were fed 3% of their body weight four times a day for three months. Prevalence of skin lesions evaluated through clinical observations monthly. With regard to toxin concentration and time of exposure to AFB1 in experimental fish, different degree of skin lesions (simple hemorrhage to progressive wounds) were observed in different parts of body especially in vent, caudal peduncle, fins, and head. "Yellow sores" on head and trunk regions were considerable and led to deterioration of appearance. Prevalence of skin lesion in different treatments was 8-53. 3%. After feeding with toxic diets was stopped, 16-24% healing was observed in the fish.

Following a mortality of up to 40% of cultured Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in fish farms of Khouzestan province when water temperature was up to 20 C, samples were taken and examined for etiological clues. We observed that fish gills were coated with a gray-white mucus layer, fin was eroded and wounds were present in peduncle of the affected samples. Bacteriological studies on the samples of gills and eroded and wounded peduncle skin using Cytophaga selective medium, resulted in isolation of filamentous gram negative bacteria chemically similar to Flavobacterium columnare.
Histological observations showed the affected fish carrying symptoms including congestion, hemorrhagia, edema in base membrane, hyperplasia of chondrocyte and secondary lamellae cells, fusion of lamellae, necrosis and peeling of secondary lamellae and also presence of filamentous bacteria in gill tissue sections. Necrosis of skin layers and expansion of ulcer to underlying muscles, degeneration of muscle cells and necrosis of muscle bundles were seen in peduncle muscles. We did not find this bacterium in internal organs. We conclude that the isolation of the bacterium and observation of histo-pathological changes suggest the organisms may be considered as a primary or secondary factor in occurrence of the disease.

A 3-month-old male red fox that was in contact with a Persian cat referred to the small animal hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran with multi-focal circular non-pruritic skin lesions and hair loss mainly on the head and extremities. A complete series of dermatologic tests such as Wood’s light examination, direct microscopic examination, and fungal culture were performed. The isolated pathogen was identified as Microsporum canis. The animal was treated using topical and systemic ketoconazole for 4 weeks. After treatment, the lesions were completely disappeared, and there was no recurrence of skin lesions during the follow-up period. It should be noted that asymptomatic cats may carry M. canis, thus may increase the risk of fungal infections for their owners and other pets as well. This is the first documented report of M. canis infection and its treatment in a red fox.

Hyaluronic acid (HA), the main and most important constituent of extracellular matrix, is a glycosaminologycan with water-absorbing capacity found in large amount in growing and repairing tissues. One of the main causes of skin problems, particulary in aging skin, is HA deficiency. More than half of the body HA is in the skin and is necessary for the maintenance of internal matrix and several cellular functions. Filler gels containing HA are used to repair skin defects. As these substances are derived from animals and bacteria, not the human, may cause skin reactions and have short half-life. So efforts to maintain and/or increase HA secretion from skin fibroblasts are important in the prevention and treatment of skin aging.

Dermatophilosis is a bacterial skin infection and wet conditions like, raining and dipping predispose sheep to it. A great economic loss can be caused by this disease because of its effect on the quality of wool. In Iran (near Saveh), there was an outbreak of the disease in a herd and the clinical manifestation was different from that of typical dermatophilosis. Diffuse wide alopecic area accompanied by large amount of purulent discharges were seen. The main lesions were located at the thoracic area. Secondary infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and bacteremia caused by staphylococcus was diagnosed and is considered to be the cause of 0.16% mortality.For diagnosis blood samples were obtained for CBC, and bacteriological culture and direct smear were taken from skin lesions. Biopsy was also prepared from skin lesions for histopathologic study and bacteriologic culture. Direct microscopic examination was made on Giemsa-stained smear prepared from crusts and their underlying tissue. Gram stained smear was also prepared from underlying crusts of skin. After bacteriological and histopathological evaluation, Dermatophilus was determined. A typical railroad track of Gram positive bacteria was seen in Gram and Giemsa stained smear. Filamentous bacteria in the epidermis were seen in histopathological samples. Infection was controlled by treating herd intramuscularly with 70,000 mg/kg BW procaine penicillin G, twice daily for 5 consecutive days.

Marigold is a medicinal plant that has valuable ingredients which are used in the treatment of many diseases. The flowers of this plant can be used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, skin ulcers and inflammation. Marigold accelerates skin wounds healing by preventing inflammation in the skin and mucous membranes, reducing tissue swelling and abscess re-built. Determination of the appropriate time to harvest the herb flowers is very important because it impact on the amount of active ingredients in flowers. In this study we aimed to determine the appropriate time to harvest the marigold flowers. I order to determine the amount of active ingredients (including extracts and essential oils) in flower and study the trend of changes, in three different stages of flowering, (including early, mid and late flowering, respectively, 90, 150 and 210 days after planting) sampling were done and the samples were sent to a lab to determine extracts and essential oils. The amount of essential oils determined by the method of steam distillation using Clevenger and the amount of extracts were determined by extraction with 70% ethanol method. In this experiment a total of seven phenological stages during marigold growth were diagnosed. Experimental data showed the positive effects of nitrogen fertilizer on increase of active ingredients of marigold. The results of experiment showed a significant different in amount of essential oil and extracts during the flowering season. Maximum production of essential oils and extracts obtained at early flowering and in the mid to late flowering season the amount of extracts and essential oils were reduced.

Aloe vera gel and extract has been used in cosmetics and medicine since ancient times. Aloe vera gel has numerous biological and physiological properties including treatment of burns and skin wounds, anti wrinkle effect, stopping the growth of some bacteria and parasites, resistance against chemical synthesis due to the presence of Antrakinon compounds and stopping AIDS virus activity. In order to study the effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer on the active ingredients (Aloenin, barbaloin, and Maleic acid) in the medicinal plant Aloe vera L., an experiment was done in Mazandaran, Noshahr in 2009. The experiment was performed as factorial on the basis of randomized complete blocks design in three replications. Nitrogen treatment (urea fertilizer, 46% net nitrogen) was in three levels of 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha and density treatment was in three levels of 2, 4 and 6 plant/m². After extracting the gel from Aloe barbadensis leaf, the amounts of effective material (Aloenin, Barbaloin and Maleic acid) were evaluated by High Performance (Pressure) Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The highest amount of the active substances and maleic acid obtained from the treatment of 150kg/ha and density of 4 plants /m2 was as follows respectively: 1133/3µg/g aloenin, 429/3 µg/g barbaloin and 312 g/100g maleic acid.

Arsenic has been considered as one of the most hazardous element for the living organisms and its presence in natural waters، can result in serious health and environmental problems. In this study، Pistacia Atlantica seed extract ability in a batch system to remove arsenate from aqueous solutions was investigated. This study is an experimental study that was performed in a batch reactor. The effects of major operating variables such as coagulant dose (3–35 mg/L)، coagulant aid dose (0. 5-5 ml/L)، initial arsenic (10-1000µg/L)، initial turbidity (10 -100 NTU) and pH (2-12) were investigated. The optimum pH for arsenic and turbidity removal by coagulation using ferric chloride was 6. The highest removal for an initial arsenic concentration of 100 µg/L using 5 mg/L ferric chloride and 0. 5 ml/L coagulant aid was found to be 94%، while at the same conditions without use of a coagulant aid، required ferric chloride was 10 mg/L. According to achieved results، it was found that Pistacia atlantica seed extract not only was an inexpensive coagulant aid، but also a quite effective factor in removal of As (v) and turbidity from aqueous environments.

Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is a chronic, recurrent, seasonal dermatitis of the horse caused by bites of insects of the genus Culicoides. Worldwide, it is the most common allergic skin disease in horses. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of IBH in the suburbian riding clubs of Tehran. 900 horses, aged between 2 to 20 years, (male or female) during a 1-year period were used in this study. The most common symptoms were papular dermatits and alopecia. IBH symptoms were mainly located at the neck, ventral trunk and the legs. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of the allergic reactions is important to improve the quality-of-life of such individuals and reduce the risk for future sting reactions.