One type of social dilemmas is giving priority to the interests of individual or collectivity. If one ask 'why citizens prefer their individual interests to collective interests when they face conflict between them?', we can identify incidence and prevalence of disorders at different phases of the social body as possible influencing factors. Analytically, the collective interests is partitioned into three level (family, neighbors, citizens) based on hierarchy of structural inclusion and each of them is partitioned into the four phases based on Parsons AGIL framework (Adaptation, Goal Attainment, Integration, and Latency). Relying on extensive theoretical discussions, the factors affecting the priority of individual interests over collective interests were diagnosed according to the collective interests at all levels and phases of the study. 400 Zanjan citizens who were selected with disproportionate sampling method answered to structured questionnaire items about the quantity of the mentioned factors. Results showed that 48 percent of variations in the primacy of the individual interests over private interests are predicted by four identified factors (normative disorders, relational disorders, lack of self-regulation, and the lack of identification). At first, the "normative disorder" and then "relational disorders" are effective factors in increasing the priority of individual interests over collective interests, especially in the "urban" are.

Humans, as social groups, are always interacting with each other to meet their needs. Today, this interaction has encountered with many challenges, with one being the extreme preference of individual and personal interests and ignoring collective ones. In Iranian society, this problem has a long history, but now it has become acute. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the causes of preference of individual over collective interests in everyday life of citizens in Tehran. The survey sample size was estimated to be 385 people through Cochran's formula, and the required data was collected through multi-stage cluster sampling method from regions 1, 7, 11, 14 and 20 of Tehran in the winter of 2019. The explanation was also based on the concepts taken from culture-base theories of Parsons (affective neutrality), Merton (reference group and innovation) and Homans (stimulus proposition) and their synthesis. For this purpose, bivariate and multivariate tests were used. The findings showed that even in the traumatic situation of Covid-19, when according to Durkheim's theories, people should always prioritize collective interests over individual ones; a considerable number of respondents (94%) prioritized individual interests. They prefer collective interests, with market place shrewdness attitude and culture playing a major role. Specifically, it became clear that the higher the emotional neutrality, higher the tendency to reference groups, tendency to innovation, and tendency to stimulus, the preference of individual interests over collective interests.

The main purpose of this research is to study the: Socio-cultural factors affecting cooperative - non-cooperative individual behaviors in the situation of conflicting between individual and collective interests. (Study: over 16 years old Citizens in Ahvaz, in winter 2012). In this research, variables are demographic factors (sexuality, marital status, and religiosity), situational factors (socio-economic status, Satisfaction with living conditions) social factors (communication with others, persuasive messages, social capital, individualism and responsibility) and dependent variable of the research is social dilemma (conflict between individual and collective interests). The theoretic bases of studying social dilemma are the theory of choice, social capital and the play of jail dilemma. In the hypothesis examination, Statistical software, SPSS, and ‘T’test, Analysis of Variance and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to test hypotheses. The findings of the research reveal that cooperative behavior of people in social dilemma situations is 18.89 out of 25 which indicates high level of cooperation among people. The result also shows that hypothesis about the relation between social dilemmas, individualism, satisfying with situation; religiosity and communication with others are confirmed.

Public interest of International community is one of the most important issues of modern International Law, and it is superior to private interest of individual states. The basis of this superiority is the common values and interest of international community as a whole. To protect and insure of the public interest of international community implies the limitation of individual interest of states. Elimination of impunity causes the establishment of international criminal courts. The goals of International Criminal Law have restricted the principle of impunity and International Criminal Law based of the responsibility and accountability in response to the International crimes. One of the most important issues in the Modern International Law is arranging the conflict between public interests of the community and the individual interest of the states.
The purpose of International Criminal Law is protection of the victims of gross and serious violations of International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law. The advent of the jus-cogense and erga-omnes obligations has caused some limitations on the absolute immunity and sovereignty of the states in International Law since recent decades, but for more developments, we should expect in future.

Individual and Social Conflicts are one of the common phenomena in all human societies and their most obvious is seen in their conflict of interests. Individual interests are a series of recognized privileges in internal legal system which is called individual rights and social interests are a series of subjects which form them. In Islamic thought، despite individualism، society is a real existent and when its existence as the most important interest is at a risk، it should be preferred to individual interests. Principle of «No Harm» (La Zarar) is an appropriate criterion for preference social interests to individual interests. According to this principle، no Principle of «No Harm» should be legislated and in the case of legislation، damage should be compensated. Accordingly، when the existence of the society is at a risk، individual interests are should be limited، although in this case assumptions can be supposed that individual potential damages are compensated. But if the existence of the society is not at a risk، it is not permissible to limit individual interests.

Advancing their purposes, Khwarazm-Shahs (491-628A.H.) created an administrative system in which Ministry Chancery was the intersection of king and other chanceries. Minister as the head of all chanceries, Was the 2nd authority after the king. Ministers with different characteristics, and abilities managed zkhwarazm-Shahs administrative system. Some of the latter ministers misused public funds to become wealthy, and this led the administrative and governmental system to decline. This article is to consider the ministry chancery and its role in Khwarazm-Shahs administrative system.

Norms are in the position of power and seek victory, and make human to obey by creating domination over thought. The intellectual knows how to stand against bad norms and strive to achieve the desired intellectual conditions. In Herbert Blumer's "symbolic interactionism" methodology, human arises in the empirical world of society. In this sociological approach, the intellectual is a proactive whose action is based on interpretation in socio-political situations and whose role is defined in defending or rejecting norms. The "Her Eyes" novel shows a picture of the first Pahlavi’s history in ​​which the "social self" is a combination of traditionalist and modern self. Group interests take precedence over individual’s. An intellectual is a modernist who is proactive in the struggle against the authoritarian political system. The "Blind Heart" novel narrates the first and second Pahlavi’s era. The "social self" in the mentioned novel is the passive and violent "self." In the world of novels, individual interests take precedence over social’s. The intellectual acts based on of kindness and peace confronting “social self”.

one of the issues is always a challenge in the field of organizational behavior to managers that created, is duality in behavior. hence, the present paper, nature and the why duality in organizational behavior, in a research organization, has been studied. the main objective of this paper is to find an answer to this question that in the organization was studied, “what is the duality types of behavior that can be identified and how is their situation”. also according to research conditions, the research method used is case study method that one of the strategies of qualitative research is.The results of this research showed that: (1) in the duality behaviors of individual interests and group interests, behaviors related to personal interests is the dominant behavior in the organization; (2) in the duality behaviors of organizational control and individual freedom, dominant behavior towards other preferences that can’t be observed; (3) in the duality behaviors of organizational norms and standards of human, behaviors with human criteria, dominant behavior is observed in the organization; (4) in the duality behaviors of individual preferences and group norms, group norms is the dominant behavior is observed and (5) in the duality behaviors of stability and change, dominant behavior is observed in the organization is change behaviors.

The purpose of this research is to design a model to  determine factors effecting on formation of personal brand between entrepreneurs in Isfahan city.This research is a kind of developing research based on the goal and based on the method is a  basic-exploratory research that is done in a qualitative manner. The statistical population of the research includes 18 personal brands of entrepreneurs in Isfahan city that had been selected in the purposeful sampling and with attention to  the saturation rule. The method of data collection is interview.The findings of the research in the qualitative section indicate that two categories of internal factor and external factors have influenced the formation of personal brand among entrepreneurs in Isfahan. Internal factor consist of apparent, personality and competency factor that arise from person and is not related to the invironment. External  factors consist of social, organizational and familial factor that rooted in environmental factor. Also, Personal brand consist of individual, organizational and social outcomes. If the outcome related to person is as an individual out come, and if is related to organization is know as organizational and if it is related to environment is call as environmental factor. Findings in the quantitative part of the research show that internal factor and external factors with impact factor of 52. and 54.  have influenced the formation of personal brand and personal brand. Personal brand  with impact factor of .58 influenced on personal brand outcomes.