The influence of 5% carbohydrate (Cho) versus placebo (P) beverage consumption on the immune and hormonal responses of athletes to 1 hour cycling (approximately with 75% V02 max) was studied. Thirty six athletes who paticipated in this study were randomly allocated to three groups (Cho, N=15; P, N=II; control, N=10). Subjects received Cho or P beverages before, during and after the cycling. Blood samples were collected before and 15-20 minutes after the cycling. The level of cortisol and leukocyte was significantly lower after the cycling in the Cho compared to the C and P groups (P~0.002, p~0.043; respectively). There was no significant variation in the pattern of changes in neutrophils, lymphocytes, cd8+and cd56+ cells and plasma glucose after the cycling. The level of cd3+ and cd-l" cells was significantly higher in the Cho compared to the C and P groups (psO.004, PsO.Ol, respectively).In conclusion, consuming carbohydrate before and during the exercise attenuates the rising rate of cortisol stress hormone and appears to limit the degree of exercise induced immunosuppresion. In other words this data indicates that the physiological stress to immune system is reduced when enduring athletes use carbohydrate beverages before, during, and after a prolonged and intense exercise. However, the clinical significance of the carbohydrate induced effects on the endocrine and immune systems needs further research.

pain is a multidimensional phenomenon that is defined as «an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage”. Infants and children are vaccinated before two years on several occasions. DPT injection begins from 2 months- old and continued to 4-6-years-old for 4 times in Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pain reducing effect of topical Tetracaine in inter muscular DPT injection compared to placebo. in this study 40 infants by the age of 18 months were divided in two groups using random allocation، and two injections were performed for each group، using Tetracaine gel 4% and a placebo injection. The severity of injection was recorded using the FLACC pain scale by a pediatric registered nurse. Results showed that Tetracaine could not significantly decreased the pain severity of DPT vaccine IM injection in case group as compared with placebo group (p>0. 05). although findings of this study indicated that topical Tetracaine could not play an important role in decreasing of pain during DPT vaccine IM injection but it did lead to faster recovery time. The average pain intensity in the case group was less than placebo group (8. 5 vs. 9. 2). The time to pain relief and return to baseline in case group was much lower than the placebo group. However، more studies are needed to determine the effect of pain reduction strategies.

Children with special learning disorders (SLD) have low physical activity and high sedentary behaviors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of Filial Therapy on sedentary behaviors (SB) in children with SLD. The research method was semi-experimental (pre-test, post-test, follow up with Placebo and control group). The statistical population of this study consisted of 116 mothers of SLD children aged 7 to 11 years in Malayer city. Among mothers, 95 mothers (91.90%) rated their child's sedentary behavior above the cut-off point (700 minutes or 12 hours and 7 minutes per week, Fischer et al, 2012). Of these mothers, 42 were randomly assigned to the experimental (12), placebo (12) and control (12) groups. Child weekly screen time scale (watching TV, tablet and so on) was used to assess the SB. Group Filial Therapy in 10 two-hour sessions was performed for the experimental group. The Placebo group received weekly information on SLD and participated in question-answer sessions, and the control group received no training. The analysis of variance with repeated measure and Bonferroni post-hoc test were used for analyzing the data. The results showed that the Filial Therapy had a significant effect on decreasing the SB (during the week and the weekend) compared to Placebo and the control group. But there was no significant difference between scores of the placebo group in post-test and follow-up compared to the control group. According to the results, Filial Therapy is recommended to reduce SB in students, especially students with SLD.

back training. Results of an ANOVA with repeated measures showed significant differences between the two groups in attention tests and symptom rating scores after treatment. Ultimately, 55.6% (n=10) of children in the EEG-biofeedback group were not diagnosed with ADHD (using ICD-10 criteria) at the time of the second evaluation. In the EMG-biofeedback group, 23.5% (n=4) were not diagnosed with ADHD by independent psychotherapists at the end of the EMG-biofeedback training. The results indicate that EEG-biofeedback training, in comparison with a Placebo, is an effective method in the treatment of ADHD children.

The present research investigates the effects of neurofeedback on working memory. For this reason 30 monolingual (Fars) University students in 2 groups (experimental and placebo) were assigned. Participants completed the working memory test in two stages (pre-test and post-test). Data were analyzed through ANCOVA.The result revealed that after 20 session of neurofeedback training, the experimental group exhibited improvement in working memory. Groups did have significant differences in working memory.Neurofeedback (NF) refers to an operant conditioning paradigm where participants can learn voluntary control of distinct parameters of their electrical brain activity as measured by the electroencephalogram (EEG). Recent research focused on healthy individuals providing evidence that subjects are able to gain some control over different EEG components and thereby increase performance levels for working memory.

B diabetes is one of the most incident diseases in today's world. This is an exploration research in the scientific world. It was designed and done in diabetes clinics of PANJOM AZAR in Gorgan city (Iran). The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of combined psychophysiological therapy on Blood Sugar in B diabetic patients.

20 patients who suffer from B diabetes and were willing for cooperate in this research were selected, used available sampling, and randomly assigned in experimental (n=10) and placebo (n=10) groups. The design of this research was one of Quasi-experimental design known as ’Non-Equivalent Control Group’. Therapy sessions were done in 10 successive days and the time of each session was 60 to 90 min. Also, it was prescribed 2 capsules for each member of placebo group (one for night & one for morning). Pre-test, post-test and follow-up test have made in the medical laboratory where was recognized by Ministry of health and medical education of Iran.

results showed that mean of B.S in post-test and follow-up test in experimental group significantly reduced, in comparing with pre-test. But this didn’t happen in placebo group.

Results of the research indicate that the combined therapy has meaningful effect on blood sugar in B diabetic patients.

Dental anxiety is a common problem in pediatric dentistry and results in behaviors like fear and anger that can negatively affect dental treatments. Exposure to various dental treatments and distressful experiences are reasons for anxiety during dental treatments. The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of cognitive behavioral interventions in reduction of stress during dental procedures in children. In this clinical trial, 42 boys and girls, undergoing dental treatments were selected from dental clinics in Tehran. Patients were assigned to cognitive-behavioral interventions, placebo and control conditions. The fear scale, anger facial scale, pain facial scale and physiologic measure of pulse beat were evaluated. One way ANOVA and Tukey test were used to analyze the results and p<0.05 was the level of significance. Results showed significant differences between cognitive-behavioral interventions, placebo and control groups regarding fear, anger, pain and pulse beat. Comparison tests revealed that cognitive-behavioral interventions were more effective in reducing fear, anger, pain and pulse beat compared to the placebo or control. According to the results of this study cognitive-behavioral interventions can be used to reduce distress of children undergoing dental procedures.

Inroduction & High intensity exercise and eccentric contraction due to micro injury and this injures have negative effect on athletics performance. This study aimed at investigation of BCAAs consumption effects on wrestlers` depth jumping performance in plyometric training.
Methodsand material 22 volunteer male wrestlers (age 21.54±3.52, weight 66.18±3.76, height 168.36±2.41, and BMI 23.34±1.97) were selected, using purposeful sampling, and randomly divided into two groups of Placebo and Amino acid. During the training period, both groups had breakfast at 7:00 a.m and two hours later, performed depth jumping in 6 consecutive sets until fatigue, with 5 minutes of resting between each sets and received their supplementation in a blindfold manner before and after depth jumping exercise. Group one consumed 45 mg/kgBW of each Amino acid (Valine, leucine and Isoleucine) in the form of 4ml/kgBW solution per each kg of body weight. The Placebo group also used a solution with the same volume. Paird and independent t-test was used to investigate the change rate in performance and the significance level of inter and intra group was considered to be (P≤0.05).
Results The results showed that the performance of group Amino acid was significantly higher than the Placebo group (P≤0.05). In intra-group comparison, the performance of both groups had significant increase after three months of plyometric training (P≤0.05).
Conclusion According to the results, since the exercise type, duration and intensity for both groups were the same, most probably the consumption of BCAAs supplementation had positive effects on jumping performances during plyometric training.

The purpose of the present research was to study the effectiveness of TSCS therapy on executive functions of war survivors who suffer from PTSD.
It was a semi-experimental research with pre-test, post-test, experimental research and sham/placebo. The population of the research includes all injured people (wounded warriors) of Kermanshah and they were selected by purposeful sampling (available sampling) as 30 individuals (15 per group). In order to obtain data, Barkley psychological executive functions disorder scale (BDEFS) and Wooders et al. Traumatic Stress Disorder List (1994) was used and data were analyzed by Multivariate covariance analysis method.
Findings:The results showed that there is significant difference between mean score of time self-management, self-motivation, emotional self-regulation and total score of executive functions after omitting the effect of pre-test in experimental and control group (P0.05). in other word, it can be said that TDCS therapy had no effect and made no significant difference in self-organization/problem-solving and self-control/inhibition.
According to findings and promotion of executive functions in wounded warriors who suffer from PTSD, it is needed to use some treatments such as TDCS regularly