In order to investigate the effects of different intercropping arrangements on quinoa and bean, a field experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) was conducted with three replications during growing season of 2019-2020 in Ahar, northwest of Iran. The treatments included different intercropping patterns consisting of 1 row of quinoa + 1 row of bean (1:1), 1 row of quinoa + 2 row of bean of quinoa (1:2), 1 row of quinoa + 3 row of bean of quinoa (1:3), 2 row of quinoa + 1 row of bean of quinoa (2:1), 2 row of quinoa + 3 row of bean of quinoa (2:3), 3 row of quinoa + 1 row of bean of quinoa (3:1), 3 row of quinoa + 2 row of bean of quinoa (3:2) and sole cropping of quinoa and bean. Results showed that intercropping patterns had significant effect on all of the studied traits of quinoa and bean. The maximum grain yield (1123.4 kg/ha) and biological yield (2625.25 kg/ha) of quinoa were obtained at 2 row of quinoa + 3 row of bean in quinoa and sole cropping, respectively. The maximum grain yield and biological yield for bean were achieved at sole cropping. The average yield loss (AYL) index of quinoa in different arrangements of intercropping was higher than the AYL of bean, which indicates that quinoa in intercropping is more resistant to yield reduction compared to bean. The highest land equivalent ratio (LER) values (1.84) were obtained from 2 row of quinoa + 3 row of bean arrangement. This means that intercropping improved land use efficiency by 84%, compared with monocropping.

This study was conducted to investigate the application of different levels of peeled and washed quinoa seeds on growth performance, immune response, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in broilers. A total 280 Ross 308, one day old chicks were used in a completely randomized design with seven treatments, four replicates and 10 chicks per replicate. Experimental groups consisted of seven groups; fed 4, 8 and 12% peeled quinoa, or 4, 8 and 12% washed quinoa, and one control group. The results showed that using 4% peeled quinoa significantly increased the body weight and the feed intake. Broiler fed 4% peeled quinoa had lower FCR compare to the control (P<0.05). The using of 4% peeled quinoa increased the relative weight of carcass components including the breast and thigh (P<0.05) but decreased abdominal fat compared to the control group (P<0.05). The relative weight of bursa was higher in chicks fed different levels of quinoa (P<0.05). At 42 days of age the quinoa had no effect on the titer of immunoglobulin M and G index but increased total anti-SRBC index in broilers fed different levels of processed quinoa, compared to control (P<0.05). Quinoa reduced the concentration of cholesterol and LDL in broiler chicks (P<0.05). The processed quinoa at 4% increased the villus height and crypt depth (P <0.05), but did not affect the villus width of jejunum of broilers. It is concluded that using peeled and washed quinoa at 4% improved growth performance of broiler chickens. However, up to 12% washed or peeled quinoa had no negative effect on growth performance, and may decrease abdominal fat and blood lipid and may increase immune response of broiler chickens.

The consumption of fermented milk products, including yogurt, has been increased dramatically as people become aware of the functional and health resources. Quinoa seeds have recently received more attention due to their favorite nutritional properties and high content of protein, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and essential vitamins. Therefore, in this study, the fortification of beneficial yogurt with quinoa and its effect on physicochemical and microbial and organoleptic properties of product were investigated. Flour of quinoa seeds were added to yogurt milk at three levels (2, 4, and 6%). A sample of each treatment is selected every week and were analysed with respect to physicochemical (texture, pH, acidity, dry matter, hydration, etc.), microbial (starter count and yeast mold), and sensory properties compering to control samples. Based on the results of physicochemical tests, addition of quinoa flour significantly reduced syneresis, pH, and increased acidity, dry matter, viscosity, fiber, fat, and ash contents. The evaluation of color of samples showed that L index decreased while a and b indexes increased significantly with increasing the percentage of quinoa flour. On the other hand, the starters counts increased in fortified samples due to the nutrients of quinoa. Sensory properties were not significantly different between fortified and control sample except of texture that was improved with quinoa addition. The results of this study showed that the use of quinoa flour in stirred yogurt can led to producing a product with desirable and functional characteristics.

In the current study, the effects of quinoa seed processing on performance, egg quality traits, antioxidant status and intestinal morphology of 240 laying quails by six treatments including: corn-soybean meal based diet, diet containing 10% raw quinoa seeds, diet containing 10% quinoa seeds soaked in 40ºC water, diet containing 10% quinoa seeds soaked in 1% acetic acid solution, diet containing 10% quinoa seeds soaked in 1% sodium bicarbonate solution, diet containing 10% raw quinoa seeds supplemented with 0.05% Rovabio multi-enzyme in five replications and eight birds per replication, were conducted in a completely randomized design. The raw quinoa seeds feeding decreased egg production, egg weight, egg mass, shell weight, white index, haugh unit, SOD enzyme activity and villus height compared to the control group (p<0.05). All methods of quinoa seeds processing and diet containing raw quinoa seeds supplemented with multi-enzyme caused a significant increase (p<0.05) in egg production, egg weight, egg mass, specific gravity, shell thickness, shell weight, white index and haugh unit compared to the raw seed group. Feeding acetic acid-treated quinoa seeds significantly increased egg production, egg mass, haugh unit, CAT enzyme activity, villus height and the villus height to crypt depth ratio compared to the raw seed and control groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, Soaking quinoa seeds in 1% acetic acid solution by ratio of 1:5 during 24 hours was the best treating method.

Due to the increasing population and food shortage, increasing agricultural production is becoming more important, increasing the area under cultivation and increasing yield per unit area are two ways to increase agricultural production. Mixed cultivation is a low-income agricultural method that aims to make optimal use of land, light and water to produce a desirable level of crops.In order to investigate the effect of intercropping and different densities of quinoa and guar cultivation in the climatic conditions of Mashhad in May 2019 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University located in Golbahar. This factorial study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors tested included (Q: pure culture of quinoa, G: pure culture of guar and quinoa + guar in 1: 1, 1: 2 and 2: 1 row ratio) and plant density (D1: 10 plants, D2: 15 and D3: 20 plants per square meter). Plant density was adjusted by changing the distance between plants on the row. Row spacing treatments included: 20 cm equivalent to 10 plants per square meter, 15 cm, equivalent to 15 plants per square meter and 10 cm, equivalent to 20 plants per square meter.The results showed that the main and interaction effects of intercropping ratios and plant density on quinoa and guava seed yield and different indices of intercropping usefulness (land parity ratio (LER), actual reduction yield of guava (AYLG) and quinoa (AYLQ) Quinoa (RCCQ) and Guar (RCCG), Income Equality Ratio (IER) and Mixed Cultivation Profitability (IA) were significant at the level of 1% probability and the values for the mentioned traits were obtained. 1.21, 0.08, 0.83, 2.99, 1.17, 1.80 and 0.42. respectively So that the highest yield of quinoa and guar seeds with 1480 and 2655 g/m2, respectively, of quinoa and guar mixed cultivation treatments with ratios of 2 rows of quinoa and 1 row of guar at a density of 10 plants per square meter and for guar from culture treatment, respectively. Pure guar was obtained from the same plant density. The lowest yields of quinoa and guar seeds with an average of 115 and 269 g / m2 were obtained from the density of 20 plants per square meter and the ratio of mixed cultivation of two rows of quinoa and 1 guar gum, which is due to intra-species competition due to Increase plant density.The highest amount of quinoa LER and total was related to the treatment of two rows of quinoa and one row of guar gum at a density of 15 plants per square meter. For Guar gum, the LER level in all studied treatments was less than one. The total LER in 2G: 1Q treatment was less than one in all three densities, which indicates that increasing the share of guar in the composition, led to a decrease in total LER. This may be due to the very low yield of guar gum in 2G: 1Q treatment. In the other treatments studied, the LER level was higher than one, which indicates the usefulness of intercropping compared to pure culture. According to the results, the planting density of 10 plants per square meter was the best planting density and the ratio of mixed cultivation of 2 quinoa drives and a row of guar was the best treatment in this study, which can be recommended to farmers.

In the present study, the chemical composition and nutritional value of quinoa crop residues were determined using insitu and invitro gas production techniques in comparison with alfalfa hay. After harvesting, whole quinoa plants were dried at environmental temperature, the seeds were separated, and the crop residues were used for the experiment. The results showed that the content of gross energy, dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and lignin of quinoa was higher than alfalfa hay (P<0.05). Crude protein concentration of quinoa (12.29%) was lower than alfalfa hay (14.32%). The main part of the tannin in quinoa was hydrolysable. Although the degradation rate and post-ruminal digestibility of quinoa and alfalfa hay were similar, ruminal, and total tract digestibility of quinoa were lower than alfalfa hay (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in gas production rate (c) between quinoa and alfalfa hay, however, it’s gas production potential (b) was lower than alfalfa hay (P<0.05). Organic matter digestibility, metabolizable energy and net energy of lactation in quinoa crop residues were also lower than alfalfa hay (P<0.05). Based on the results of this study, quinoa crop residues have suitable nutritional potential for replacing part of the forage to meet part of the nutritional requirements of ruminant feeds. However, invivo studies are recommended to determine it’s appropriate level in the diet.

In the present study in order to increase the nutritional and quality values of Lavash, quinoa flour was used to prepare Lactobacillus plantarum sourdough. The quinoa and wheat sourdough samples then compared in terms of bacterial growth rate, total phenol content and antioxidant activity. The effect of 10– 40 % of quinoa sourdough on sensory properties of bread was also, evaluated. Finally, the best sample obtained from sensory evaluation (containing 25% quinoa sourdough) compared with control samples 1 and 2, prepared with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 25% wheat sourdough, respectively, in terms of sensory and qualitative characteristics. The results showed the application of quinoa flour in sourdough preparation increased the growth rate of Lactobacillus plantarum compared to wheat flour sourdough. Evaluation of total phenol content and antioxidant activity of wheat and quinoa dough samples before and after fermentation showed quinoa dough has the higher amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity and fermentation process induced to significant increase of mentioned characteristics of dough samples. The results of evaluation the effect of quinoa sourdough on sensory properties of bread showed the sample contains 25% quinoa sourdough had the highest sensory scores compared to control 1 and 2. Evaluation of hardness, staling and moisture content showed no significant difference among the bread prepared with quinoa sourdough and control 1. The results of crust color evaluation of the bread samples showed the addition of quinoa sourdough to bread formulation significantly decreased the amount of 𝐿 ∗ and 𝑏 ∗ parameters but, increased the 𝑎 ∗ value

In the present study, the effect of adding quinoa flour and germinated wheat flour on the physicochemical, microbial and sensory properties of sponge cake was investigated.The results showed that as the amount of quinoa flour and germinated wheat flour increased, ash, protein, and fat content of sponge cake samples significantly increased (p<0.05). The lowest porosity was observed in sample T6 (sponge cake containing 15% quinoa flour + 15% wheat flour) (p≤0.05). The highest moisture content was observed in sample T8 (sponge cake containing 15% quinoa flour + 0% germinated wheat flour) on all days (p≤0.05). Texture profile analysis results showed that texture of sponge cake samples significantly increased with increasing amount of quinoa flour and germinated wheat flour (P≤0.05). Evaluation of sensory test results showed that the highest color score belonged to sample T7 (sponge cake containing 0% quinoa flour + 15% germinated wheat flour) and sample T8 (sponge cake containing 15% quinoa flour + 0% germinated wheat flour). Was. The lowest odor score was observed in the control sample and the highest in the sample T8 (sponge cake containing 15% quinoa flour + 0% germinated wheat flour) (p≤0.05). The highest sensory score belonged to the sample T8 (sponge cake containing 15% quinoa flour + 0% germinated wheat flour) and sample T8 (sponge cake containing 15% quinoa flour + 0% germinated wheat flour) was selected as the highest treatment.

In the current study, the effects of quinoa seed treating on chemical compounds and anti-nutritional factors by four treatments:1)raw seeds, 2)seeds of soaken in 40ºCwater by ratio of1:10during 24 hours, 3)seeds of soaken in 1%acetic acid solution by ratio of 1:5during 24hours, 4)seeds of soaken in 1%sodium bicarbonate solution by ratio of 1:10during 24hours, in five replications and diets ileal digestibility in 240laying quails by six treatments: 1)corn-soybean meal without quinoa seeds based diet, 2)diet containing 10%raw quinoa seeds, 3)diet containing 10%quinoa seeds of soaken in 40ºC water, 4) diet containing 10% quinoa seeds of soaken in 1% acetic acid solution, 5) diet containing 10% quinoa seeds soaken in 1% sodium bicarbonate solution 6) diet containing 10% raw quinoa seeds supplemented with 0.05% Rovabio multi-enzyme in five replications, and eight birds per replication by a completely randomized design, were investigated. The soaking in 1% acetic acid solution significantly decreased the crude fiber of quinoa seeds (P<0.05). The soaking in 1% sodium bicarbonate solution significantly increased the crude ash and sodium of quinoa seeds (P<0.05). The lowest tannin and trypsin inhibitors in seeds of soaken in water 40ºC and the lowest saponin and phytic acid were in seeds of soaken in 1%acetic acid solution (P<0.05). Treating and enzyme supplementation, significantly increased the ileal digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, calcium, and phosphorus of the diet (P<0.05). Soaking quinoa seeds in 1% acetic acid solution by ratio of 1:5 during 24 hours was the best treating method.

Intercropping, the agricultural practice of cultivating two or more crops in the same space at the same time, is an old and commonly used cropping practice which aims to match efficiently crop demands to the available growth resources. The practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same field is called intercropping and it is a common feature in traditional farming of small landholders. It provides farmers with a variety of returns from land and labour, often increases the efficiency with which scarce resources are used and reduces the failure risk of a single crop that is susceptible to environmental and economic fluctuation. Intercropping of chickpea with linseed reduced the chickpea yield by 60.3%, although linseed occupied only 33% of the total area. The loss of chickpea yield was compensated by the additional yield of linseed, and thus the system productivity of chickpea + linseed intercropping was increased by 43.4% compared with sole chickpea. Of this increase in system productivity, 65.3 and 34.7% were contributed by higher seed yield and higher minimum prices of linseed, respectively as compared to chickpea. The objectives of the present study were to study the competition indices of chickpea and quinoa intercropping such as land equivalent ratio, relative crowding coefficient, aggressivity, chickpea equivalent yield and effects of nitrogen and different intercropping arrangements on yield of sole chickpea, sole quinoa and intercropping yield of two plants. The objectives of the present study was to determine the best appropriate treatment of sole cropped, replacement and additive series of chickpea and quinoa in terms of yield and investigation of competition indices in intercropping replacement and additive chickpea and quinoa.

In order to study the effect of planting pattern and nitrogen application on yield and competitive indicators of chickpea and quinoa, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) was conducted with three replications at Gonbad Kavous University farm during the 2020-2021 growing season. Nitrogen factor was included three levels of non-application and application of 25 and 50 kg N.ha-1 and the treatments of intercropping were included 9 levels of sole cropped of chickpea and quinoa, 67% chickpea + 33% quinoa, 50% chickpea + 50% quinoa, 33% chickpea + 67% quinoa, 100% chickpea + 33% quinoa, 100% chickpea + 50% quinoa, 100% chickpea + 67% quinoa and 100% chickpea + 100% quinoa. For analysis variance of data software of SAS Ver. 9.4 was used and treatment mean differences were separated by the least significant difference (LSD) test at the 0.05 probability level.

Results showed that the effects of planting pattern and nitrogen consumption on yield were significant at confidence level of 1%. The maximum total yield belonged to the treatment sole cropped of chickpea with 3529 kg.ha-1, which was not significantly different from the 67% chickpea + 33% quinoa treatment. With increase of nitrogen fertilizer consumption, total yield was increased. The lowest chickpea crop equivalent yield related to the treatment sole cropped of chickpea and mixed crop was 33% increase of quinoa to chickpea crop with 3529 and 3551 kg.ha-1, respectively, and the highest was related to sole cropped of quinoa with 8876 kg.ha-1. Land equivalent ratio was higher than one in all the additive mixed cropping treatments and alternative mixed cropping treatments. The maximum proportion of land belonging to the treatment of 100% chickpeas + 67% quinoa was 1.10. The relative coefficient of total density in all treatments was more than one, which indicates the desirability of mixed cultivation of chickpea and quinoa. The examination of the aggressivity index showed that quinoa was dominant in the mixed cropping treatments, increasing and replacing the plant. As a result, the dominance index of quinoa was positive despite the favorable yield of both plants.

Of the two plants of chickpea and quinoa, quinoa plant produced more yield than chickpea plant. The maximum total yield belonged to the treatment sole cropped of chickpea with 3529 kg.ha-1, which was not significantly different from the 67% chickpea + 33% quinoa treatment. With increasing of nitrogen fertilizer consumption, yield was increased. According to the results, it seems that it is not possible to increase the density of two plants in mixed cultivation to obtain the maximum yield.