In aplites of Khaku area, located in the east of the Alvand body, tourmaline nodules with spherical and dendritic shapes are dispersed. Some of these nodules have light halo that is actually a transition zone between the core of nodules and host aplites. Geometrically these nodules are fractal shapes. In these nodules fractal dimension vary from 1.46 in dendritic nodules to 1.92 in spherical nodules. In three dimensional reconstructions of the studied nodules average volume for core is 34% and for the margin of nodule is 66%. Based on evidence such as lack of veins between nodules, tourmalines with anhedral forms, presence of a leucocratic halo in the aureole of some nodules, their spherical shape, their linear and flow dispersion in the host rock these nodules have been crystallized in magmatic condition. In the final stages of magma crystallization by increasing the amount of B and starting of unmixing in the melt, distinct spherical bubbles have been made which then have been converted to nodules. Magmatic system acts as chaotic systems and presence of rotational and limited closed areas beside areas with disturbed paths lead to the formation of rounded and dendritic nodules beside each other.

There are ultrasonography (US) features suggested to be associated with a higher risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules. However, exophytic appearence of thyroid nodules has not been studied previously.
To evaluate US features, and cytological and histopathological findings in exophytic thyroid nodules.
Patients and Patients with an exophytic thyroid nodule who underwent fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) between January and July 2015 were evaluated prospectively. Demographical data, US features, and cytology results were noted and histopathological findings were determined in operated patients. The results were compared with non-exophytic nodules of age and sex matched patients.
Data of 253 exophytic nodules in 247 patients and 529 non-exophytic nodules in 357 patients were analyzed. Hypoechogenity, mixed texture, and absence of peripheral halo were significantly higher in exophytic nodules (P Exophytic nodules seem to carry a higher rate of malignancy both cytologically and histopathologically. Suspicous US features except hypoechoic pattern were not higher in malignant compared to benign exophytic nodules.

Detection of pulmonary nodules using CT scan images is one of the methods for early detection of cancer. One of the main challenges for the detection of pulmonary nodules is identifying pulmonary nodules and differentiating them from lung components. In this study, a computer-aided detection system is proposed for the detection of these nodules.
In this descriptive analytical study, 97 chest CT-scan images were studied. To detect pulmonary nodules, support vector machine classifier and Genetic algorithm by MATLAB software were used.
In this research on the lung, the areas of images were classified into the two groups of with nodule and without nodule and it was tried to create a fully automated framework to detect lung nodules in the chest CT images. This framework is an essential part of the computer-aided detection system that helps radiologists to detect lung nodules more accurately and rapidly.
According to the results of this study, the proposed system is more efficient than the previous methods for detecting suspicious nodules.

Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (US-FNA) biopsy is widely used for evaluation of thyroid nodules. However, few studies have addressed the contributing factors to hemorrhage after US-FNA of thyroid nodules.
To assess the contributory factors related to patient characteristics, ultrasound (US) features of the thyroid nodules, and the US-FNA procedures to affect hemorrhage complications after US-FNA of thyroid nodules.
Patients and Between March 2014 and April 2015, 366 consecutive patients who underwent US-FNA of thyroid nodules were enrolled in this retrospective study. The characteristics of hematomas, including the location, maximum size, and clinical course, were assessed. The relationships between hematomas and factors related to the medical characteristics of patients, US characteristics of the nodules, and FNA procedural factors were analyzed.
Data on 365 nodules in 321 patients who underwent US-FNA of thyroid nodules were analyzed. Minor hemorrhagic complications developed in 14 (3.8%) of the 365 nodules. There were no statistically significant differences between patients taking or not taking an anticoagulant or antithrombotic (P = 0.270). Factors related to increased risk of hematoma were male sex (P = 0.031), larger maximum size (P = 0.002), a cystic or predominantly cystic nodule (P US-FNA can be performed safely even in patients taking anticoagulant or antithrombotic agents. Factors related to hemorrhagic complications are male sex, larger nodules, cystic or predominantly cystic nodules, probably benign nodules, thicker needles and a greater number of needle passes.

In 30 patient with single cold thyroid nodule and normal thyroid function tests, 99mTc-MIBI scan is performed. The nodules are divided to hot (10), Warm (12) and cold (8). FNA reported papillary Ca in 4, suspicious follicular neoplasm in 3 and 23 benign lesions. 7 patients were operated on and had final pathology reports (4 papillary Ca and 3 benign lesions). All the nodules with no MIBI uptake were benign in this study. Warm nodules were benign for the most part (Only 1 papillary Ca was reported). Hot nodules revealed 3 malignant neoplasm but 7 benign lesions were also observed. In this study 99mTc-MIBI did not show an acceptible specificity for diagnosis of malignant thyroid tumors. However lack of MIBI uptake (Cold nodule) or evidence of some activity in the nodules (Warm nodule) is mostly seen in benign lesions.

Background/ Thyroid nodule is one of the most common endocrine disorders. 5%- 10% of thyroid nodules undergo malignant degeneration. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid incidentaloma in Bushehr, southern IranPatients and A total of 1503 consecutive 15 to 65-year-old patients who were referred to Fatemeh Zahra Hospital for any ultrasonographic examination other than the thyroid gland were included in this study. All patients underwent dedicated thyroid ultrasound by a 10 MHz linear probe for detection of thyroid nodules in the supine position The prevalence of thyroid nodules was 13.6%. The nodules were observed in 17.5% of the women and 8.5% of the men. 61.8% of the nodules were smaller than 1 cm. Thyroid nodules were more frequent in older people. Bushehr has a high prevalence of thyroid nodules. The prevalence is age dependent and is higher in women than men.

Thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA) has a well-established role in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules, and the “Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology” is used to interpret FNA results. Bethesda categories III and IV encompass varying risks of malignancy. In addition, there is some debate in the literature about how to select among many acceptable treatment approaches.
To establish an association between these 2 cytological categories and malignancy rates in patients treated in a referral tertiary cancer center, where surgical treatment is recommended for all these patients.
A total of 615 thyroid nodules (582 patients) were included in this retrospective study. There were 478 nodules that were classified as Bethesda category III and 137 nodules as Bethesda category IV. Electronic records were reviewed to establish a correlation between the FNA cytological results and the final histopathological analyses. Incidentally detected carcinomas were considered separately.
Among the bethesda category III group, 75 malignant nodules (15.7%) were coincident with the target nodule (74 patients, 16.2%). Incidental carcinomas were found in 13.8% of these patients. The remaining 403 (84.3%) target nodules were benign. Among the bethesda category IV nodules, 23 malignant nodules (16.8%) were coincident with the target nodule. Incidental carcinomas were found in 25 patients (19.7%). The other 114 target nodules were benign. A total of 46 patients (52.3%) had carcinomas in the thyroid lobe contralateral to the one containing the target nodule, and 40 patients (45.5%) had carcinomas exclusively in the contralateral lobe.
We observed a 16% rate of malignancy in nodules classified as bethesda category III and 17% among bethesda category IV. When incidental carcinomas were included, the rates of malignancy doubled.

Thyroid nodules are a common finding in clinical practice. Although ultrasonography is an accepted method for evaluating these nodules, Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) is the procedure of choice for assessing the risk of malignancy. This study aims to determine the association between sonographic features of thyroid nodules based on Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System classification and the cytology results. In this prospective cohort study, 147 patients from Tehran Medical Imaging Center who had thyroid nodules underwent ultrasonography-guided FNA, and their sonographic features were recorded. The pathologic findings were also obtained according to the Bethesda system. Finally, the association between sonographic features and cytological results was analyzed. Eighteen (12.3%) nodules were malignant, and 129 nodules (87.7%) were benign. The association of TIRADS categories with the risk of malignancy is as follows: TIRADS 1 (n=0, 0%), TIRADS 2 (n=10, 16.9%), TIRADS 3 (n=6, 10.5%), TIRADS 4 (n=2, 16.7%), and TIRADS 5 (n=0, 0%). The bloody lamellae of thyroid nodules were significantly correlated with the risk of malignancy (P<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant association between the risk of malignancy and gender (P=0.47), calcification (P=0.9), firmness (P=0.19), halo sign (P=0.95), location of nodules (P=0.35), and nodules' echogenicity (P=0.058). Although there are trusted classifications such as TIRADS for categorizing thyroid nodules, there is still uncertainty in utilizing them, especially in the management of nodules classified as TIRADS 2, in which various sonographic features are shared between benign and malignant nodules.

Lung cancer is one of the hardest and most dangerous types of known cancer in the world which can be detected in its beginning stages as a small mass of tissue, less than 3 cm in diameter, called a nodule. These nodules are classified to two classes of benign or malignant. In this paper, a detection system for detection and classification of lung nodules is proposed which in the first phase, lungs are separated from the CT scan images according to the active contour segmentation method. Next, based on the SIFT features the proposed Bagging classifier, classifies the lung images into two classes of patient and healthy. In the second phase, according to a fully automatic Graph-Cut segmentation method the nodules are extracted from patient images and their diameters are measured. Finally, nodules are classified to two classes of benign and malignant based on their size and texture Haralick features. To evaluate the proposed method, images of the LIDC database are used and its performance in detection of nodules compared to other methods has an accuracy of 97% and in classification of nodules to benign and malignant an accuracy of 96% is reached.

Thyroid nodule elastography has been exceedingly used for the differentiation of benign and malignant nodules. Determination of confounding factors of the results of sonoelastography in thyroid nodules when assessing the probability of malignancy is an issue of importance, and this matter needs further research. In this study, the contributing factors to the results of strain sonoelastography in cases of thyroid nodules were assessed in order to help the clinicians for better management and decision making. In this diagnostic study in Taleghani Hospital, Tehran, Iran, in 2018 and 2019, a total of 92 consecutive patients with thyroid nodules were assessed by grayscale ultrasound and strain sonoelastogaphy, and the contributing factors to the results of sonoelastography were determined according to low and high malignancy probability elasticity scores. The results in this study demonstrated that there were 57 cases (62%) with low probability scores and 35 patients (38%) with high probability scores according to strain sonoelastogaphy. The patient’s age and nodule grayscale characteristics such as shape, echogenicity, margin, composition, size, and calcification were not related to sonoelastography results (P>0.05). This study showed that results of sonoelastography are not related to demographic factors and gray-scale sonographic features of the nodules.