مجله به نژادی گیاهان زراعی و باغی
سال سوم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1394)

Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria excelsa) is belonging to Araucariaceae family and is native to Norfolk Island in Australia. This plant is a woody ornamental plant of high commercial value. Since it is propagated by seed، achieving a regeneration system is one of the most important goals in this woody plant tissue culture. To evaluate the effect of cytokinins and culture media for bud induction during the process of direct organogenesis، three concentrations of different cytokinins (TDZ، Kin and 2ip) and 4 culture media (WPM، BE، ½MS and TE) were employed. Statistical analysis was conducted in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design. The results showed that the middle shoot explants، 2ip as the best growth regulator and WPM and TE were the best media for inducing axillary buds. The overall results illustrated that plantlet production is depending on hormone type and concentration and culture medium. BAP was the only PGRs that caused root induction in micro shoots. This is the first time to report the effect of culture media in micropropagation of Araucaria excelsa.

Genetic diversity is essential in the implementation of breeding programs. In order to determine genetic diversity، factor analysis and heritability of yield and some morphological traits، 20 strawberry cultivars were studied at the Agricultural station of Kurdistan Research Center using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Morphological characteristics such as number of leaf، runner، crown، Inflorescence، flower and fruit per plant and leaf area، leaf long/wide، petiole long، number of flower per Inflorescence، fruit set، fruit size، Inflorescence long، fruit weight and yield were evaluated. Statistical parameters، including broad sense heritability، phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were estimated. Results of analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all traits at 1% probability level، indicating the existence of significant differences among studied cultivars. The highest genotypic coefficient of variation was found for the number of fruit، flower per plant and yield. The highest phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for the number of fruit، runner and flower per plant. The highest broad sense heritability was estimated for the number of flower، fruit per plant and yield suggesting low effect of environmental variation. The lowest broad sense heritability was estimated for the number of runner per plant and leaf area. Results of factor analysis revealed four factors for discrimination of studied traits and these factors distinguished 83. 83% of total variation. Results of discrimination of traits via biplot based on the 2 first factors confirmed the ability of results of factor analysis for discrimination of traits. Also، clustering of genotypes via biplot based on the 2 first factors divided studied genotypes into 4 groups. Totally، results of this research showed the existence of genetic diversity and the goodness of grouping of genotypes based on the factor analysis. Also، among the studied genotypes and for the most of the studied traits، Queen Eliza was superior.

Tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb) SJ Darbysh.) is one of the Fescue species that widely used as forage grass. Tall fescue is self-incompatible and wind cross pollination. This study was conducted to study agronomic and morphological characteristics of 25 polycross families of tall fescue during 2011 and 2012 at Research Station farm in Isfahan. Number of days to pollination، height of plant، number of fertile tiller، length and width of flag leaf، stubble surface، spike length، seed and forage yield were evaluated. The highest and the lowest of forage yield were 107 g (family number 25) and 47 g (family number 13)، respectively. For seed yield، family numbers 2 and 12 had the highest means and the family number 13 had the lowest mean. Broad-sense heritability of seed yield per plant and seed yield per acre were 68 and 36، respectively. Based on the results of cluster analysis، all families were clustered in four groups. Analysis of variance and mean analysis showed the highest means families for evaluated traits. To improve stubble surface with low broad-sence heritability cross genotypes from first and third group with higher means and genetic distances would be successful. Due to high broad-sense heritability for plant hight and spike length select of families from third group could be useful for breeding programs in future.

Evaluation of drought tolerance for 20 barley genotypes were conducted under normal irrigation and terminal stress condition by withholding irrigation at the time of 50% flowering. Drought effect on grain yield and plant total mass traits was studied and eight of stress indices including Stress Tolerance Index (STI)، stress tolerance (TOL)، Stress Susceptibility Index (SSI)، Mean Productivity (MP)، geometric mean productivity (GMP)، yield index (YI)، yield stability index (YSI)، Harmonic mean (HARM) were estimated based on grain yield under stress (YS) and non-stress (YP). A significant and positive correlation was observed between grain yield and total mass (Stress and Potential) with GMP، HARM، MP، YI and STI. Stress indices such as GMP، STI، HARM، YI and MP are much better than YSI، SSI and TOL for predicting YP and YS. By using ranking method for yield and total mass traits genotype Numbers of two and five were categorized as tolerant، however line number one was detected as sensitive genotype. These genotypes can be used in crop development and breeding programs. Genotype numbers eight and nine had the highest yield and total mass and consequently highest economic yield in both stress and non-stress condition that can be introduce for cultivation in Varamin Land.

Lisiantus is introduced among the 10 top cutting flowers in the world. Micropropagation can be used in this plant because of some problems in traditional propagation. In this research، the effects of the growth regulators on the in vitro shoot regeneration and rooting of the shoots obtained from nodal explants were investigated. The effects of the different concentrations of BAP and Kin on shoot regeneration in MS medium were investigated according to a completely randomize design (CRD) in the independent experiments. The results indicated that the use of 0. 5 mg l-1 BAP was the best treatment for shoot regeneration (4 shoots per explant). In the next experiment، the interaction of BAP and GA3 on shoot proliferation were investigated according to a factorial experiment based on CRD. The results showed that the best shoots in terms of quality and quantity (17 shoots per explant) were obtained in MS medium supplemented with 0. 5 mg l-1 BAP and 0. 2 mg l-1 GA3. The shoots produced in this treatment were transferred to MS medium containing different concentrations of IAA (0، 0. 2، 0. 5 and 1 mg l-1) and activated charcoal (0 and 3 g l-1) to investigate the shoot rooting. MS medium supplemented with 1 mg l-1 IAA and without activated charcoal was determined as the optimum medium for shoot rooting.

In order to evaluate some morphological traits of durum wheat genotypes، 18 elite lines selected from advanced regional durum wheat yield trials. These materials along، with two checks Dena (durum wheat) and Parsi (Bread wheat) were examined using RCB design with three replications at Isfahan research station in two consecutive cropping season. During the cropping season some trials such as the days to heading، days to maturity، plant height، and grain yield were measured and recorded. Analysis of variance showed that 1000 kernel weight، days to 50 percent heading and days to maturity in lines were significant. Effects of year and year × line were not significant for grain yield that indicated good yield stability for these lines. Cluster analysis indices the 20 genotypes separated into three groups، group III had the high grain yield. Number six line had the highest mean for the plant length and thousand kernel weight in comparison to the majority of the other lines. This line was separated from other lines in the dendrogram. Our factor analysis (FA) indicated that the first two factors account for more than 67% of the total variation. The most important traits that created this variation were seed weight and plant height.

In order to the study of the salinity effects on seed germination and effecting parameter of fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare) was conducted a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with two factors and three replications. Factor A was 10 ecotypes، including; Sardasht، Saghghez، Kerman، Tabriz،Sabzevar، Rome، Khusf، Bojnoord، Mashhad and Shabestar and factor B was five concentrations of sodium chloride، including; one، three، five، seven and nine ds/m2. The measured traits were root length، shoot length، seedling length، wet and dry weight of the root، hypocotyls and seedling، root / shoot length، seed vigor index، germination speed and germination percentage. Analysis of variance showed that the total of ecotypes had significant differences in %1 level in most traits except wet weight of seedling، dry weight of root and germination rate. The mean comparison of ecotypes indicated that the Kerman ecotype with minimal reduction in root and shoot length was the most resistant to salinity. The mean comparison of salinity levels showed that there was a significant difference between different levels of salinity in most traits except the dry weight of root. The study of different levels of salinity in the different traits showed that the most traits decreased with increasing concentration of salt and salt had a negative effect on traits. By considering all traits in all levels of salinity; cluster analysis categorized ecotypes into two clusters. In the first cluster were placed all accessions except، Khusf and Shabestar ecotypes، and in second cluster were placed Khusf and Shabestar ecotypes. The second cluster with a low root length، shoot and seedling، seed vigor، germination percentage and germination speed not good salt tolerance ecotypes.

Incompatibility in hazelnut (C. avellana L.) is the sporophytic type and under the control of a single S-locus with multiple alleles. Compatibility of pollen-stigma in hazelnut is an important consideration in planning crosses in breeding program and in choosing pollinizers for orchard planting. In this study، fluorescence microscopy was used to determination of S-alleles and compatibility relationships among in 24 progeny of TGL × Cosford. Four pollen testers، selected for each one of the four alleles under investigation (S2، S3، S7 and S11). When stiminate catkins elongated and were about to shed pollen، they were collected and dried. The catkins were discarded، pollen collected and stored in freezer (-20 0C). In each seedling trees، two branches emasculated، and bagged. Female clusters were detached from bagged limbs، when style protrude 2-6 mm. Five clusters from each seeding progeny pollinated with each pollen testers. About 20 to 24 hours after pollination، the stigmatic styles were detached from buds and squashed in aniline blue dye and examined with fluorescence microscope (40x and 100x). In this research، S-alleles determined in 22 progenies. However in two progenies، distinguished only one S-allele. In a compatible pollination، pollen germinates well، the pollen tubes penetrate the stigmatic surface and produce a mass parallel tubes. But in incompatible reactions، pollen germination was often reduced، and pollen grains that germinate produced short tubes.

In order to evaluate genetic diversity among squash landraces from Northwest Iran by morphological and physiological traits، 18 squash landraces belong to pumpkin، ornamental and confectionary groups were planted in completely randomized block design with three replications in Agricultural Research Center of Urmia in 2013. Morphological characteristics related of fruit، seed، leave and flower and physiological characteristics such as photosynthesis rate، TSS and pH were investigated in the studied genotypes. The highest genetic coefficient of variation was observed for fruit yield and plant length. Most of the studied traits had moderate to high heritability. For characteristics such as fruit weight، fruit length، fruit yield and seed yield، the highest expected genetic advance was observed whereas in the cases of primary branching، leaf length، ratio of leaf length to width، flagpole diameter and length and anther length the lowest expected genetic advance was seen. The seven principal components explained approximately 86. 95% of total variance. In the first component، the contribution and importance of traits such as fruit weight، fruit width، internodes، primary branching، fruit yield، seed and 100 seeds weights، TSS، pH، fruit and peduncle lengths، male and female sepals lengths، skin thickness، seed to fruit weight ratio and net photosynthesis rate was high. Based of cluster analysis، the highest genetic distance in the confectionary group was observed between Kenar Burazh and Saatlou landraces، and in the pumpkin group it was observed between Khoy and Zayeh Kandi landraces.

Salvia is a valuable medicinal and aromatic genus belongs to the Lamiaceae family. In this study، morphological traits and essential oil content were used for the estimate of variability and to determine the relationship among different species of Salvia including S. syriaca (5 ecotypes)، S. virgate (8 ecotypes)، S. reuterana (6 ecotypes) and S. multicaulis (6 ecotypes) collected from the south-west of Iran. To determine the essential oil content، samples were taken at the full flowering stage and essential oil was measured using a Clevenger apparatus. Variance analysis of ecotypes showed that plant height and sepal length were not significant in S. multicaulis species. Style length، diameter and length of the receptacle in the S. reuterana، S. syriaca and S. virgata species didn’t show significant differences. The highest amount of essential oil was obtained in the S. multicaulis among M2، M1 and M3 ecotypes. Ecotype R3 had the highest amount of essential oil among S. reuterana ecotypes. The highest amount of essential oil in S. syriaca was observed in S5، S3 and S4 ecotypes. V1 and V8 had the highest amount of eesential oil within S. virgata ecotypes. Based on the cluster analysis of the species، they were grouped into four clusters. S. multicaulis ecotypes were placed in a separate group. S. reuterana، S. syriaca and S. virgata ecotypes distributed in the three other groups. Based on the cluster analysis، ecotypes S. syriaca and S. virgate set in one group and S. reuterana and S. multicaulisin were separated. The results of correlation analysis in four species indicated that essential oil content had significantly a negative correlation with plant length، leaf length and petal length and significantly positive correlation with diameter receptacle length and width. According to the results of this study it can be concluded that ecotypes with larg receptacle and high essential oil content are suitable for breeding and domestication of these species.