نشریه زبان پژوهی
پیاپی 15 (تابستان 1394)

Formalist criticism is a new method of literary criticism that investigates the literary value of the text by putting the text into focus of attention and disregarding the external cases such as author’s personality and social, economic and psychological issues. It also tries to examine the level of coherence and literary value of the text by highlighting its basic forms. This objective is attainable through investigating the context of the literary text and also its component elements such as vowels and consonants, syllables, imaginary forms and figures of speech. By applying the principles of formalistic criticism, the present study is an attempt to analyze the aforemention-ed elements in Qase’eh sermon of Nahjul Balaghah and to investigate the functions of each part in relation to the whole in a way to demonstrate the aesthetic aspect of the text to readers. It has been found that letters, vocabularies and sentences of this sermon are thoroughly coherent and the collection of phonemes and the specific arrangements of lexical items are in such a way to convey meanings beyond their literal meanings. Coherence and specific application of lexical items do not lend themselves only to the apparent features, but their figurative and metaphoric application illustrate novel meanings in line with sermon’s objectives like avoiding Satan and his arrogance.

This article deals with deep structure of [j] in the surface structure of the inflectional form of the past tense verbs of Lori dialect of a city in Iran called Yasooj, Capital of Kohgiluye and Boyerahmad Province. Considering diversity of dialects in this region,sometimes differences have been noticed in past tense pronunciation of verbs such as: to see, to arrive, to put, to get up,… in which there is a [d] in deep structure which has been pronounced as [Daal-e Zagros] or [j]. In Morphologi-cal analysis of those verbs, it is wondered whether [j] appears in the surface structure is an intervene morpheme or a product of softening of [d] in deep structure. Consequently, the possibility of a relationship between [j] and [Daal-e Zagros], if they are related to [d] in Farsi, and what are the regulations behind it are studied. Synchronic and diachronic linguistics prove that there is a sequence of linguistic rules involved in the past tense formation of the mentioned verbs including: softening, epenthesis and elision. Some people believe that it is only “epenthesis” that happens in the past tense form of those verbs, so that [j] appears in the surface structure is an intervene morpheme and in morphological analysisit should be concerned as an individual morpheme. The database used in the current study has been collected from a native speaker of Yasooj. Results of this article are issued via sets of phonological rules.

The study of children´s mental processes is not possible except by studying its manifestations. The narration of a story – as an external manifestation- can be good evidence of a child’s prior (background) knowledge and language abilities. Experience shows that children exposed to adequate and appropriate interaction with their mothers have more mental abilities in comparison with those who are poorer in this area. Accordingly, assessing existence or lack of correlation between the interactive input from mothers with the richness of content schemas formed in a child´s mind and also with a child´s language abilities in narration, is the goal of this research. The research is descriptive (specifically correlational). Data collection has been made in the first academic semester of 2011 – 2012. Statistical samples of this investigation consists of one hundred (100) children of five (5) years of age, who live in Ilam city and have been shown a short three minute narrative cartoon, and have been asked to narrate it. Propositional content and some of the linguistic features of the children’s narrations are explored separately based on two criteria. From another standpoint, the interactive input is studied by using a structured interview which has been determined by comprehensive studies. The results of the study reveal that children exposed to adequate and satisfactory interaction with their mothers are more capable in terms of conceptual background knowledge and linguistic outputs.

The present paper is an attempt to analyze the onomatopoeic words in Dashtestani dialect (spoken in Boushehr Province) and to give a rather comprehensive sketch of these elements modeling the available works in this area. The research is descriptive and data-based in nature: descriptive in that it aims at illustrating a broad picture of the onomatopoeic words in the dialect, and data-based in that it has taken advantage of objective pieces of data as spoken by the native speakers. The data have been collected through a fieldwork attempt, though one of the researchers has occasionally relied on his intuition so as to evaluate the felicity and appropriateness of the relevant data. The paper falls into two broad structural and semantic parts, and each part is divided into more detailed subcategories, the outcome of all of which yields a number of both structural and semantic generalizations and regularities about the onomatopoeic words.

The aim of this contribution is to investigate the phonetics and phonology of prosodic focus in declarative sentences in Persian. To achieve this goal, we embarked on the analysis of 150 utterances produced by five male speakers using Praat software. The findings from the effects of focus on duration and F0 reveal that the mean duration and F0 of focal elements are longer and higher comparing to their unfocused counterparts, respectively. However, the comparison of mean duration and F0 of preand post-focal components with their neutral counterparts does not show any significant difference. On the other hand, drawing on AutosegmentalMetrical phonology, results show that focused elements follow the tonal pattern of (L+)^H*. Also, focal elements form a separate accentual phrase with the boundary tone of "l" which spreads up to the end of post-focal elements. Tonal patterns of ^H* and L+^H* matches the words with initial stress and the words with final stress, respectively.

Autism is a neurological disorder which includes social – communicative and behavioral impairments. In this disorder, language abilities are impaired or completely absent. Autism is a spectrum disorder which means it shows itself in different ways.The purpose of this research is to study different aspects of language ability in five to eight (5-8) year-old Autistic children and compare them with their normal peers. For this purpose, using an available sampling,  twenty six(26) children with autism and twenty six (26)  normal peers between the ages of five to eight (5-8) were selected in Shiraz. Both groups were matched based on their age and sex. The research tool is the Test of Language Development (TOLD-P:3). This test includes six (6) major subtests that together show different aspects of language ability. In order to analyze the data, Wilcoxon, and Friedman Tests were used. The results have shown that the strongest aspect of language in both groups is semantics and the weakest one is the expressive language but the difference between the groups is significant. It means that children with autism are weak in all of the aspects. Thus, it can be said that in the autism group, the development order of different aspects of language ability is the same as their normal peers, but development is delayed in autistic children .

This study presents an acoustic analysis of uvular consonant in Standard Contemporary Persian. SCP is the official language of Iran, the variety spoken by educated people in Tehran and in the media. The total data set comprises seven hundred and ninety two items from the repetition of twenty four single meaningful words of Persian produced in laboratory conditions by native-speaker subjects. Acoustic analyses were made from related waveforms and spectrograms. Measurements underwent descriptive statistical analysis. Results of the study provided evidence for manner of articulation and voicing category of uvular consonant in initial, intervocalic and final positions. It was indicated that in essence, the uvular consonant is a voiced stop which is transcribed as /ɢ/ in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Generally it appears as a voiced fricative or sonorant consonant in intervocalic position transcribed as [ʁ]. This allophonic variation can be regarded as a phonological weakening phenomenon.