فصلنامه دراسات الادب المعاصر
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 22، صیف 2014)

Romantic Literary School at the beginning of its existence was considered as a clearly visible renewal in feeling and thinking both. This literary school was a revolution against the restrictions established by classical literary schools. In fact, romantic is one of the literal branches that formed first in Europe, and then in the nineteenth century came into Arabic literature, and Arabic Literature was influenced by it. Mahmoud Sami Al-Baroudi, the famous poet and also the pioneer of modernism in Arabic poetry, was among people influenced and inspired by this school. The present study the romantic examples of Al-Baroodi''s poetry which considered as the manifestation of his poetical innovations has been surveyed. The tendencies toward romantic can be apparently seen in his poetry. There, he was influenced by romantic school, as the various tendencies of classical and realism overcomes him, the romantic works. The most important romantic themes in Baroudi''s poetry are as follows: nature, love, enthusiasm, complains about society, invitation to loneliness and isolation.

Subject and its attitudes – which precedence and subservience – are the issues of very important in semantics that manifests in different forms such as subject, character and something similar. Subject''s rank is precedence; because its reason is the first thing comes to mind. Different motivations cause subject''s precedence which the present study surveys them by expressive – analytic method in Nahj Al Balaghah sermons. The results of the present study say that Imam Ali had special attention to subjects in his sermons. Thus he does not only mean attempt and specialty; but also encourage, worship, adoration, bow, humility, pray and etc.

«Badr shakir sayyab» (1926-1964) is an outstanding contemporary Arabic poet whose poetry is a mixture of different types of literary, historical, religious, mythological and folkloric heritage. He builds his poem on the basis of antique texts and at the same time, he has a special concentration on both language and texture. He tries to convey both the concepts and structure of his work to the addressee smartly. One of his most important poems that enjoys the potential of various interpretations and different understandings is «fee-l maghrebe-l- arabi» (In Arabic Morocco). The present paper aims to study the poetries at two vertical and horizontal levels by applying a descriptive and analytical approach. Its attempt is to study some of its poetic features.

Traditionalists of European literature in the sixteenth century AD، were trying to restore that literary heritage due to technical and human theme of the ancient Greek literature since modernists began to confront the traditionalists by the the end of the seventeenth century and invited them to avoid old formats and to define literature and poetry in another way. Since then، Persian and Arabic literature experienced changes that the main parts followed the West and its literary works. Literary and critical populations such as Jamaal Diwan and Apollo in the Arabic East and Ghalam literary forum and Andolos in the west rose against traditionalists and their literary works as، in Iran، many poets like Bahar، Adibolmamalek and others invited to new themes and subsequently Nimā Yushij established a new era in poetry. Poem from the modernists’ point of view is derived from an independent character.

Since the true understanding of each dialect depends on an understanding of language changes، this paper discusses the historical course of language in Egypt and the linguistic features of the Egyptian dialect based on historical linguistics. What this paper takes into consideration is the presence of Arabic in Egypt before the advent of Islam and discusses the extent of its impression from the other languages in that era، e. g. Coptic etc. However، after the Islam emerge and the conquests، the Egyptian language departed from its origin، Coptic، and replaced it with Arabic، and gradually the Egyptian vernacular superseded the standard dialect over time. Current Egyptian vernacular is a mixture of different languages، and has derived mostly from other languages such as Coptic، Greek، Persian، Turkish، Italian، Aramaic، Hindi، Latin، French، Spanish، Phoenician and English.

Persian literature especially and world literature generally are proud of having a unique and gentle poet who associated word literature with values of humanity; the meanings and values which beautifies literary summits and associations. By following poetic associations - in anywhere of the world - which has superior feelings and elegant emotion, a footprint of Sa''adi would be found. By studying and researching about this poet we have found out that he versed many poems (Ode) in Arabic. When the poetry have been distinguished,) were surprised about his ability in saying poem in Arabic and creating art through Arabic and Persian poem. We found out that many meanings of poem in his Odes are distinguished by Qur''anic culture. Therefore it is remarkable to state that some of intertexual texts in his poetry have some kind of implications of Quranic intertextuality.