نشریه مهندسی نقشه برداری و اطلاعات مکانی
سال ششم شماره 3 (پیاپی 23، شهریور 1394)

Information sharing through semantic Web services is the new essential paradigm in the 21st century. The standard web provides a suitable platform to put different data in a simple and understandable manner. Although the standard web is successful in gathering، retrieval and accessing to this information is difficult. One of the main sources of such problems is due to contradictory in different contexts and definitions. Ontology is expected to play an important role in this context. Ontology provides a representation of concepts of the real word، as greed by a community of people. It serves as semantic reference to solve interoperability problem. Surely football is one of the interesting team sports nowadays. It is very noteworthy from different economic، social and even political viewpoints. Ontology can be used to form a knowledge representation about football and provides a shared vocabulary in its related internet sites. Within the framework of this paper the set of concepts within football domain and the relationships between those concepts are presented. It is used to describe the entities within the sites of football. The effort was done to share many structural similarities، regardless of the language in which they are expressed by describing individuals، classes or concepts، attributes، and relations. As space and spatial data meet football in different ways، spatial ontology has become the cornerstone of our ontology.

Second epoch of precise leveling observation network in Iran was performed for improving the leveling network quality in 2001-2009 interval. After correcting the ortometric، calibration، refraction and temperature extension effects on observation، pre adjustment tests were applied on the observation. Results indicate the quality improvement of the networks albeit the existence of the residual systematic errors. Standard error of precise leveling network is estimated to be ± 0. 61 mm/√km after corrections. Least square adjustment was applied for estimation of leveling network heights by fixing the station near Shahid Rajayi port. The highest station of the network is the DDDH1110 in Jiroft road in Kerman province with 2887. 856 m height. The least height of the network is AP-C1041 station in Mazandaran province with -25. 678 m height. The least precision of the leveling network is 8 cm in DPDQ route maybe because DP and DQ loops are not closed. Analyzing adjustment results indicate the quadratic form of the closing error despite the non-normality of the residuals distribution because of remained systematic errors in observation.

Nowadays the presentation and processing of geographic information on the Web is one of the most important research topics in the field of sciences and geographic information systems has become. In this regard، from beginning of the development of Web (1989)، software companies such as Esri Autodesk companies began to invest in this context. By composed of open geospatial consortium (OGC) in 1994 and provide standards for spatial data، provided interoperability between different applications and data. Some of these standards can be noted to map Web services، Web feature services، web coverage service، web processing service، geographical markup language and styled layer descriptor. Due to increasing demand from users for publication، display and processing of information on the Web، companies and research institutions with the implementation of these standards to the development of their software applications. In addition، numerous open source applications based on OGC standards have been developed by different groups with regard to the implementation of low cost and high interoperability compared with commercial applications، has been welcomed by many. Due to the different objectives and capabilities of existing open source applications، employing a combination of those in the implementation of Web GIS system can be very efficient. Use the collection of these programs in the layered architecture of Web GIs (It is consists of data layer، the application layer or server layer and application layer)، can implements an efficient Web GIs system. In this study we aimed to implement a web map service and a web feature service and examine efficiency its. The results show that for get a map from a map service، if the volume is low، communicate with the server using a browser can be more efficiently and quickly. But with the increasing volume of data، use a desktop application like Qgis for connection to the server is more appropriate. about the get features attributes، Direct connection to the server using an API such as OpenLayers is more efficient and faster. But In this case there is not possibility of Customizing information. To receive data from a web feature service، What about the low-volume and high-volume data، use desktop applications that is connectable to spatial Services is more appropriate. Because in addition to more quickly receive data، Data can be directly displayed and processed.

Classification of the seafloor sediments is used in many applications such as dredging projects، civil projects، marine geology، marine biology and military projects. The current technique for identifying and classifying sea and river floor is to collect samples of the seafloor material by sampler device (e. g. grab، core، etc.)، these are analyzed afterwards in specialized laboratories، a time-consuming and expensive procedure. The method described in this paper، an approach based on propagation of acoustic wave in water that this method can remotely estimate sediment type and seabed physical properties. Backscatter data acquired from acoustic system (e. g. echo sounder، side scan sonar، sub-bottom profiler) are employed to obtain information about the sediment type of the seafloor and riverbed. The main advantage of the method is its high coverage capabilities with limited costs.

Nowadays، exploiting Floodplains has much potential in both economic and social aspects and optimum use of them brings economical and agricultural growth. Some practical solution should be present to increase floodplain efficiency and a decline flood risk in order to evacuation is not possible in these fertile areas. These days in Iran، utilizing riverbank is limited and implemented only in river organizing and constructive plans without considering the technical issues، associated with flood. However، by using new integrated flood management concepts، utilizing floodplain will be accelerating. In the new concept of integrated flood management (IFM)، it is necessary to create a constructive interaction between land use and flood management in order to make conscious decision and fulfill inappropriate developing decisions. The main aim of this research is defining and determining new safe land uses in a pilot basin (Kan basin) particularly in river floodplains. So that، new land uses such as safe transportation، greenery، tourism، parking، recreation centers، fishponds، beekeeping and greenhouse suggested using maps of riverbeds and limits and with data of rural detailed، watershed management and river organizing plans.

Tourism is one of human activities that have strong cultural، social and economic effects on societies. One of the concerns of the tourist is how to select the order and the path to the tourism centers he/she wants to visit. Information such as the distances between tourist attractions، traffic and the start location of the tourist should be considered when deciding about the travel path of the tourist. The goal of tourist path finding is to find a path، through which the tourist can visit all attractions in shortest possible time، considering his priorities، traffic and the distances between attractions. This can be assumed as a spatial optimization problem with such a wide search space that cannot be solved using mathematical and deterministic methods. The goal of this research is to solve this problem using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) meta-heuristic algorithm. The simulated data of a city with 10 tourist attraction is used for the implementation. At the 350th run of the ABC algorithm the acceptable results are gained. Taking into account the implementation speed، convergence speed and pattern، and the quality of the answers، the algorithm can be accepted as a suitable solution to the tourist path finding problem.

World urban population has been dramatically increased from 22. 9% in 1985 to 47% in 2010 which has caused an unprecedented urban environmental degradation and shortage of adequate urban infrastructure needed to support the population. Efforts have been made to predict potential urban developments in accordance with the existing and/or planned infrastructure based on smart city development plans. The problem analysis، planning and monitoring phases of sustainable urban management policies require reliable information and practical methods on the urban environment and its dynamics. Land use change aims to understand the dynamic processes، and therefore interpretability of models is becoming crucial. In this research، PSO method as a meta-heuristic method has been employed for urban land use change modeling. The study area is Tehran metropolis، capital of Iran. Landsat imageries acquired at 1988 and 2000 were used to compare the urban changes and to build and test our model. This study has considered a number of influencing factors to predict potential urban land use change modeling. Distance to principle roads، distance to residence regions، distance to fault، number of urban cell in a 3 by 3 window، distance to city center and slope have been considered as principle parameters affecting land use change. Percent Area Match (PAM) and Relative Operative Curve (ROC) obtained from modeling of these changes were 1. 2579 and 0. 6448، respectively.