فهرست مطالب

معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر - پیاپی 14 (بهار و تابستان 1394)

نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر
پیاپی 14 (بهار و تابستان 1394)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1394/08/02
  • تعداد عناوین: 15
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  • Ahmad Ekhlassi, Amirhossein Rafati Page 1
    Traditional Persian architects used to employ the facade ornaments to illustrate cultural values and heritage. Moreover, their approach for the adaptation of decorations to structural constructional requirements of buildings, called tectonics, could be considered as a cultural-artistic character itself. Although these features were omitted when modernism and its independent facade principle prevailed, a great deal of research has always been conducted in order to redefine domestic styles and revive the lost identity of Persian facades. Along with these efforts, the present article intends to investigate the tectonic characteristics of traditional house facades in city of Shiraz, Iran. It mainly concerns the delineation of ornamental and structural layers of the facade which might contribute basic patterns and inspiring concepts to contemporary Persian architecture and lead to ideas for designing new residential facades with cultural identities. This research is an interpretive-historical case study which has a holistic attitude towards analysis of the qualitative data that consists of contextual evidence from a traditional house in Shiraz. The results indicate that the elements of traditional facades of Shiraz were basically shaped according to unavoidable structural necessities, while the designer has used distinctive ontological and representational methods to adorn these elements, and created a surface which mediates between the solid structural volumes and human cultural and artistic needs. It also confirms that the methods were chosen based on spatial qualities of a home.
    Keywords: Facade Tectonics, Persian Traditional Architecture, Residential Buildings, Building Ornaments, Shiraz Architecture
  • Maryam Gharavi Khansari Page 13
    Durability as continuity of identity and dynamism as changing and adaptability to new conditions are important architectural discussions. This paper aims to define the concepts and positions of durability and dynamism in the architectural structure. It seems that it is important to discuss which relations and components of an architectural structure have more effective roles in supporting identity and which are among short-term factors. In this regard, the concept of ‘center’ as the main area(s) of the structure and the position of emergence of main structural properties and ‘edge’ as the secondary area(s) providing the hierarchy of subsidiary supportive properties are introduced. According to the paper argumentations, durability as the continuity of identity is dependent on unity, similarity and permanence properties of structure, emerges in center. The main activities of the architectural work also occur in this zone. Following the hierarchy of the center to margin, the unity, similarity and permanence properties of structure gradually transform into plurality, difference and change and so dynamism occurs in the edge. It should be considered that center and edge can cover abstract to physical concepts. It is also important to note that the process of forming center and edge is an organic and natural process that is widely dependent to the essence of the architectural work. This process in classic and traditional works emerged with more clarity. But in contemporary works, because of the complex intervening factors, it needs more precision and delicacy to distinguish the center and the edge.
    Keywords: Durability in Architecture, Dynamism in Architecture, Center of Structure, Edge of Structure
  • Pirouz Hanachee, Naimeh Rezaei Page 23
    Regarding Iranian old cities, neighborhood has been a real place to live, a space for social interaction as well as economic activities. The concept of neighborhood has always been accompanied with senses of well-being, security and identity. In parallel with urban developments and changing lifestyles, neighborhoods have also faced the significant changes. In Tehran as the capital, the changes are more pronounced and deep. The Oudlajan neighborhood – located in the historic core of the city- had been one of the most desirable neighborhoods to live until the 1960s. However, due to subsequent expansion of Tehran, formation of new neighborhoods, penetration of bazaar in this neighborhood and urban policies, Oudlajan has undergone fundamental changes. Regarding the process of population displacement and settlement of immigrants and low-income groups rather than the original inhabitants, the behavior and the modality of habitation in this neighborhood have undergone many changes. The purpose of this research is to detect the modality of habitation in this neighborhood as well as factors affecting it. Regarding the results of studies conducted on the neighborhood, it is clear that the modality of habitation and behaviors of the residents are affected by their mental image of their neighborhood. On the one hand, this image is dependent on individual characteristics of residents such as age, education level, ethnicity, culture, and socio-economic profile. On the other hand, this is influenced by external factors such as the physical characteristics of the environment, attitudes towards the neighborhoods and urban policies thereof.
    Keywords: Neighborhood, Habitation, Sense of Place, Perception, Mental Image
  • Mohammad Jalili, Alireza Einifar, Gholamreza Talischi Page 33
    The present study seeks to investigate users’ perception and evaluation of the function of designed environments and highlights a deeper understanding of man-environment relationship. The study tries to answer the question: “Is there any relationship between the physical features of environment and users’ perception and evaluation of the environment and their spatial behaviors?” Such investigation contributes to prediction of users’ possible behaviors in designed environments, and consequently, leads to the promotion of designers’ knowledge and successful designed environments. The conceptual model introduced in this paper has been sketched using logical reasoning and a cultural- discourse approach. The model shows that users’ perception and evaluation of environment is related to the aspects of environmental design and the level of mental, social, and well-being effects such environments have on users. The proposed model significantly differs from all the previous models introduced in the literature of Environment Psychology, in that it puts emphasis on the process of evaluation and regards it as a dynamic and repetitive behavioral process. As this model suggests, environmental satisfaction is one of the factors reflecting users’ attitudes toward environment, which is expressed through spatial behaviors and influenced by users’ perceptions and evaluations from physical features of environment. In this model, spatial behavior is regarded as a physical reaction to users’ attitudes and the level of their satisfaction at environment. That is to say, spatial behavior can be considered as an observable index of users’ perception and evaluation of environment, which is influenced by their attitudes.
    Keywords: Designer's Conception, Built Environment, Conception, Evaluation of Environment, Environmental Satisfaction, Spatial Behavior
  • Mehdi Khakzand, Yousef Gorji Mahlabani, Saeideh Teymouri Gerdeh Page 45
    Iranian women who, in the traditional conditions of the past and norms of the Iranian society, have had a limited access to the public spaces of the city, with the changes taken place in our modern day society and factors such as education, employment and so on. Nowadays, they have distinguished themselves in various fields and introduced their own issues and concerns to the society. However, it seems that their issues concerning the city spaces are part of the aspects of the Iranian society which have remained unchanged and in the dark. Many studies have been carried out on the differences among the Iranian women and their use of city spaces and parks in Iran. The present study aims to express the necessity for caring about the wishes, the behavioral and the psychological needs of women in using the city parks which originate from their gender differences (as a modern phenomenon in the Iranian city spaces). The study further aims to compare the opinions of other women who use the public parks of city of Tehran and investigate their preferences, point of views and reasons for using both types of city parks. The present research is based on the hypothesis that says: “despite the fact that women’s park takes care of a limited number of women’s needs which the public parks don’t, they still prefer to have access to public parks which are different and more suitable to their needs than the ones that currently exist to build women’s park in their neighborhoods”. To achieve the goals of the research, two public parks in Tehran (Razi and Gheitariehe) and two women’s park (Beheshte Madaran and Shahr Banoo Complex) were selected as the case studies. A pilot study consisting of 60 women was conducted. Ultimately 400 questionnaires were distributed to women in these four parks and the results were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. The result indicated that most of women who attended the women’s park preferred to have a public park with spaces and facilities specifically for women in their neighborhood or near their residence. In addition, those women who were surveyed at the two previously mentioned public parks preferred having and using public parks. Moreover, the ladies from Tehran claimed that their reason and interest in using women’s park was their freedom of clothing and Hijab while enjoying the nature and the park space.
    Keywords: Women, Women's Park, Public Park, Tehran's Parks
  • Hasan Sajadzadeh, Negin Amiri, Shabnam Sina Page 57
    Parks and urban green spaces have always been places to spend hours away from the bustling life and its numerous problems. In the meantime, elderly people also have the same share from such spaces as other people. Elderly, including old social groups with old age and decreasingly activities, have very leisure time and the possibility of using the urban park for voluntary and community activities is more than other society’s members. In this regard, this paper has been developed to improve the environmental quality of such spaces for the presence ability of vulnerable elderly population. Therefore by investigating the indicators and criteria of elderly presence ability at Laleh park of Tehran city which is one of the oldest parks in the 6th district of Tehran with the highest elderly populations, the gathered data were studied and then the quality of park was assessed. The Research method is descriptive analytical and gauging. Interviews were done with 384 elderly people over 60 years who were present in the park. Data were collected by using questionnaires and analysis was performed by using statistical software. It has been confirmed that According to (p_value <0/05), there is a significant relationship between different levels of proposed model and dependent variable of quality of environment. Based on cognitivebehavioral studies approach, can be said that; preferences and requirements such social interactions in urban parks, quality of accessibility, equipment and services are the most important priorities for elderly presence ability in urban parks. Therefore, due to its importance in Laleh Park, It can be said that deficiency of accessibility quality is the most significant reason for elderly dissatisfaction and elderly had an approximate willingness about comfort, relaxation, image and sociability, as a result of remedies that they have been provided.
    Keywords: Urban Park, Environmental Quality, Elderly, Presence Ability, Laleh Park
  • Jamalledin Soheili, Sahar Bashirzadeh Page 67
    In recent years, space syntax theory has been used for analyzing spatial configurations; these analyses mostly focus on social aspects. According to the space syntax theory, space arrangements affect the space usage in buildings. This paper aims at studying spatial configurations of some traditional houses in Iran in terms of flexibility factor. Besides of having the housing function and providing inhabitancy, having Hussainia function and providing a place for holding religious ceremonies, these buildings have turned to a flexible space due to those two different functions. Considering building time of these houses, Qajar period, they are taken into consideration of these terms. This paper discusses flexibility as a quality factor due to the concept of space syntax. Three Khaneh-Hussainias have been selected by the nonprobabilistic sampling from the city of Qazvin, named Amini, Razavi and Akhavizadegan. Then the access graphs of these houses are represented as data processing matter with convective degrees of two functions. Orosi has been introduced in this paper as an element that influences flexibility of spaces. The methodology of this paper is based on descriptive-analytical research in order to be adopted with plans of the houses for analyzing data. The results which are concluded from deductive argumentation demonstrate that flexibility in these houses is formed from justified space syntax on the basis of sociocultural factors.
    Keywords: Space Syntax, Khaneh, Hussainia, Flexibility, Social Relations
  • Ali Yaran Page 81
    In this study we investigated the factors affect the role of tall buildings on landscape of Tehran city in Iran. We studied the role of tall buildings in term of semantic, aesthetics, and visual impact. To do so, we selected northern urban views of Tehran. A population was consisted of all families living in northern parts of Tehran. Of this, a sample of 168 subjects was selected using Cochran formula. Data collection tool was a 5-point Likert type questionnaire. Collected data from participants were analyzed in SPSS software. According to the results, tall buildings of urban landscape of Tehran have a moderate status. From the perspective of people, the strongest effects of such buildings are respectively related to four factors of meaning, scale, view and identity. Keywords: Tall Building, Urban Landscape, Semantic, Visual Impact, Meaning, Tehran.
  • Alireza Arsiya Ravari, Mehrdad Mazloomi Page 91
    Rapid urban population is widely known as the main inducement of growing cities in terms of quantity and variety in form. However، the city expansion entails physical challenges and it has profound impacts on the issue of urban morphology. It raises global awareness beyond the urbanism and includes sociology، psychology، economics as well as environmental studies due to the implications of broadness. The accentuation on morphological studies is on the grounds of fabric segregation in cities of developing countries where the patterns of modern developments are usually not in good agreement with traditional part. Causing several concerns، it urges morphological studies to attain urban fabric integrity. Therefore، this research aims to study morphology in respect to the form and subsequently proposes a framework of to-be-investigated indices. This study looks for identifying modules and excerpts of traditional core of cities in order to be fostered in future development and to make achievement of physical integration more viable. Having a conceptual-comparative approach، the study unveils the framework consists of urban paths and blocks in details of indices and items. It distinguishes seven indices for paths whereas the blocks have thirteen. Benefiting urban design and planning، setting a framework needs regulation and guideline for future development from morphological point of view and it could be applied for urban regeneration particularly from physical aspect.
    Keywords: Urban Morphology, Form, Block, Path, Old, Historical Fabrics, Physical Development, Urban Regeneration
  • Hossein Bahrainy, Hossein Khosravi, Fatemeh Aliakbari, Farnaz Khosravi Page 105
    Physical activity is connected with adults’ health in many ways, and walking is the most popular form of physical activity among adults all over the world. The authors have previously studied this issue in an under-construction environment in a new town in a developing country. The present study investigates the impact of built environmental features and qualities on walkability in developed areas in relatively well-to do neighborhoods in a city (Shiraz). The 34 effective variables of the built environment on walkability are extracted from the literature. Built environmental features and residents’ transport and recreation walking were gathered through perceived manner. Factor analysis was, then, run for the measured built environment features, from which 8 factors were extracted. They were interpreted in terms of related variables. This study reveals that the only qualities that have significant effect on recreation walkability are comfort and attraction, safety, aesthetics whereas transport walking is only influenced by steepness of sidewalks. Contrary to the existing literature, Accessibility, public transportation, pollution, and sidewalk quality have no significant effect on walkability. These results demonstrate that lifestyle factors such as personal free time, pedestrian-related habits, car-dependence habits, sexualized habitus, inabilities, etc. are very crucial in determining the effective built environment features and qualities on walking behaviors.
    Keywords: Walkability, Transport, Recreation Travel, Built Environment Features, Urban Design Qualities, Shiraz
  • Mehdi Baba Abbasi, Mohammad Reza Pourjafar Page 119
    Urban spaces are like a dramatic stage, in which buildings and street’s facades are the actors. While people are passing through streets, they will communicate the information with the environment, as well as, explore and study the spaces. People transfer the greatest number of information from the urban space and the surrounding environment through their visual senses. Hiking determines one of the main movement pattern in residential areas. Pedestrian urban spaces are for people on foot in which visual aspect is one of the most important aspect that sometime ignored by designers. The views of the pedestrian areas are the most important factors of the urban spaces which can be attractive or even boring. This research has investigated the organization of urban spaces and street improvement by using the image processing method. In order to test this procedure, 17th-Shahrivar pedestrian, placed in the east of Tehran, has been studied. The main method of research is descriptive-analytical. This method emphasis on analysis of visual aspect of the content and continues by image fixation and then using the image processing through effective parameters of the visual mechanism. In conclusion, through image processing method one can improve the quality of built environment as a pedestrian area and motivate people to walk and enjoy watching the surrounding elements of an urban spaces by highlighting some of the hidden visual features.
    Keywords: Urban space, Townscape, Pedestrian Areas, Image Processing, Visual Perception
  • Peyman Khodabakhsh, Samira Mashayekhi Page 131
    More than 50% of the global population already lives in urban settlements which are projected to absorb almost all the global population growth to 2050, amounting to some additional three billion people. Over the next decades the increase in rural population in many developing countries will be overshadowed by population flows to cities. Rural populations globally are expected to peak at a level of 3.5 billion people by around 2020 and decline thereafter. Given the robust trends toward a convergence of much of the developing world to levels of urbanization already found in the developed world, the energy and sustainability challenges of equitable access to clean-energy services, of energy security, and of environmental compatibility at local through global scales cannot be addressed without explicit consideration of urban energy systems and their specific sustainability challenges and opportunities. Energy-wise, the world is already predominantly urban. It is estimated that between 60–80% of final energy use globally is urban. Hereby various urban elements play significant role in urban energy consumption rate. Knowing these key drivers and providing appropriate strategies may be an important action toward a more efficient urban future. Considering the aforementioned challenges, acquiring a comprehensive view on key drivers and therefore comprehensive urban energy efficiency strategies is the fundamental aim of the present research. Based on this aim, a wide literature review on global urban energy issues is done to provide comprehensive knowledge of the most important urban energy key drivers. In the next step, a comprehensive urban energy efficiency strategies is delivered in different urban dimensions.
    Keywords: Urban Energy Efficiency, Urban Energy Drivers, Urban Planning, Planning Strategies, Measures
  • Amir Shakibamanesh Page 145
    Today, countries that have experienced damages caused by wars, pay special attentions to passive defense in their defense strategies to protect their national properties and vital resources. To this end, observing passive defense considerations in urban development and design has a great impact on reducing the vulnerability of cities, financial losses, and casualties as well as increasing citizens’ tolerance threshold which can facilitate urban crisis management. The article analyzes the macro models of urban patterns and their strengths and weaknesses. In this regard, some of the obligations necessary for improving sustainable resistance of these forms under war conditions are proposed. The micro scale form-based considerations as well as the effects of specific small-scale urban design arrangements and requirements such as parcel size, arrangement and layout of structural parts, etc., which can reduce the damages resulting from attacks on cities, have been discussed as well. This study is an original research and upon on the purpose of the paper it is based on applied one. Due to the complexity of the morphology design and passive defense, the combination of exploratory and descriptive-analytical research is used as the methodology.
    Keywords: Passive Defense, Form, based Design, Physical Texture, Security, Design Considerations
  • Saeedeh Shoja, Seyyed Komeyl Salehi, Ramin Ansari Page 165
    Urban quality of life represents more than the private “living standards” and refers to all the elements of the conditions in which people live, that is, all their needs and requirements. In economic literature, urban quality of life is usually assessed through the standard revealed-preference approach, which defines a QOL index as the monetary value of urban amenities. This paper proposes an innovative methodology to measure urban QOL with special highlight on subjective criteria. According to this methodology, urban QOL is usually measured through subjective criteria resulted from monitoring and assessing citizens’ perceptions from and satisfaction with urban life or using objective criteria derived from secondary data and it is rarely assessed using both of these two criteria. This methodology is applied to derive QOL indices for the city of Yazd. In this study, 400 families were selected from among the chosen neighborhoods using two-step clustering method. Statistical methods such as factor analysis, Friedman test and Kruskal–Wallis were used for measuring and comparing residents’ satisfaction with life quality indices. The results of the studies showed that satisfaction level with quality of life in Yazd was at a relatively low level. On the other hand, the highest dissatisfaction rate of the residents of Yazd was with utility, facilities, services and transportation. It can be concluded that appropriate strategies should be considered separately in each of the mentioned fields in order to promote the QOL in city of Yazd.
    Keywords: Quality of Life (QOL), Subjective Indices, Satisfaction, City of Yazd
  • Zahra Sadat Saeideh Zarabadi, Behnam Ghasemzadeh Page 177

    Neighborhood attachment is closely related to concrete and abstract conceptions that set the scene for a variety of interactions among the residents. It is on the basis of social-physical location which happens over time. Neighborhood attachment also enhances the possibility of residents’ social participation in urban neighborhoods and has a bilateral relationship with residents’ satisfaction. The current study aims to test a model that presents an interaction among constructs of neighborhood attachment, residents’ satisfaction, and also residents’ social participation in urban neighborhoods. In this study, the latent variables were determined and described using recent researchers’ theories and also running confirmatory factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to test a model using a sample of 300 residents (2015) of AmirKhiz, Maghsoodieh, and Ferdous in Tabriz, Iran. The main theoretical contribution of this research study is the presentation of a multilevel model incorporating three constructs of neighborhood attachment, satisfaction, and residents’ social participation in neighborhoods. The findings finally revealed that the two constructs of neighborhood satisfaction and attachment positively and significantly influenced the social participation. However, in the model in which the two constructs of neighborhood attachment and satisfaction were included simultaneously, the effect of neighborhood attachment decreased which, in turn, signifies the mediated influence of neighborhood attachment on social participation through neighborhood satisfaction. Finally, the result of the depicted path diagram by structural equations modeling indicated that the model fits with observed data.

    Keywords: Neighborhood Attachment, Neighborhood Satisfaction, Social Participation, Urban Neighborhood, Multilevel Model, Confirmatory Factor Analysis