فصلنامه اخلاق پزشکی
پیاپی 33 (پاییز 1394)

Now the knowledge of ethical considerations related to genetic modifications is not available. Pondering on these ethical issues is concern of experts and professionals in this field. Human germ-line cells includs sperm, ovum and embryonic cells befor the 8th week of gestation. Rectifying of genetic deficiency and treatment of the related disease in the next generation, eugenics and genetic amplification are the main aims of genetic transferring into the human germ-line. There are different and controversial believes in different religions about genetic transferring. Gene transfer into human cells, especially targeted gene delivery into the germ-line cells in order to gene amplification requires significant ethical considerations. In this review, different opinions and ethical considerations related to gene transferring into human germ-line have been described, in summary.

Human being is a multidimensional creature that the spiritual dimension as the central dimension is effective in achieving health and feeling of satisfaction. In fact, spirituality is a well-known concept of holistic care provided in a holistic focus on spiritual and religious. Therefore, the aim of this study is assessment of nurses and midwives’ attitude about spirituality and spiritual care in hospitals of Neyshabur city in 2014. In this descriptive and analytical study, 30 midwives with using Census and 200 nurses were recruited to study, randomly. Data were collected using questionnaire of Spirituality & Spiritual Care Rating Scale (SSCRS) consisted of two parts, demographic information and questions related to the research objectives. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS19 software and by descriptive (Frequency, mean, standard deviation) and analytic statistics (T-Test, Anova) with considering levels of significance (P<0.05). The results show that Mean and standard deviation is nurses attitude to spirituality and spiritual care (3.55 ± 0.47) and midwifery (3.55±0.72). The T-test, did not show any significant differences between mean scores of nurses and midwives (p>0.05). The result did not show significant differences between attitude to spirituality and spiritual care and Demographic data in nurses and midwifery (p>0.05). Midwives and nurses have positive attitude to spirituality and spiritual care. Therefore, providing the perfect platform to provide this care and implement at the maternity is recommended.

Ethical climate is an important factor in hospitals. Because of stressful conditions and necessity of people collaboration in the operating room, it seems that ethical climate of this part differs from other sections of the hospital. Due to lack of researches at this context, present study was performed with the aim of evaluating operating rooms ethical climate in the view of staff and students of this field in teaching hospitals of Tabriz University of medical sciences. All of operating room students and staff in teaching hospitals of Tabriz University of medical sciences were entered into this descriptive study. In addition to demographic characteristics form, the Olson hospital ethical climate survey was used to collect information. At this study 78% of staff and 61.4% of students were female. Mean score of age in operating room staff was 34.54 and in students was 20.87. Also, most of the students (64.9%) and staff (58.1%) had negative viewpoint to the ethical climate of operating rooms in teaching hospitals of Tabriz University of medical sciences. While both groups evaluated communication of colleagues in the operating rooms as the most positive dimension. Regarding to negative ethical climate of operating rooms in studied hospitals, it seems essential adverting the causes of this case and planning to improve the situation and resolve ethical problems.

Nurses frequently encounter to patients suffering and painful conditions caused some frustration and exhaustion in the care of patients that in addition to the psychological damage can have important implications as to the quality and outcome of patient care. This study aimed determination the compassion fatigue in nurses of intensive care unit to care of patients. This study is a cross - sectional study that had taken on 260 intensive care nurse has been done in Kerman. Sampling were convenience in this study. Data collection was Figly 30 questions that reliability and validity have been used by researchers and Cronbach's alpha was calculated to be 80 percent. Data collected by SPSS16 software using descriptive and analytical statistics were analyzed. The results of this study suggest that total mean of Compassion fatigue in nurses of intensive care unit provide care to patients in domain (0-5) is 3/35±0/7. The relationship between Compassion fatigue and age, number of years of service, type of unit care and sex whit compassion fatigue have a positive and significant correlation (P<0/05).Discussion & The average level of the phenomenon and the negative effects that could be on nurse’s necessary measures and strategies as well as training and orientation for nurses with this phenomenon and as well as measures to evaluate the reasons for considering the specific circumstances may require different parts.

Giving bad news is an inevitable part of medicine proffession. There are different viewpoints in various cultures and communities about telling the truth and bad news to patients. The aim of this study is the cognition of the cancer patients attitude about how giving bad news and the way of informing patients. This research is a discriptive cross -sectional study on cancer patients refered to Taleghani and Shohada Tajrish hospitals, was conducted in 2014. Data gathering was doen by Researcher counstructed questionnaire and used SPSS software,, and regresion and Fisher tests to analyse data. In this study investegated 160 patien point of view. 37.5% of participants were men and 62.5 of them were women (18-77 years). The results show that 57.7 % of patients agreed with historical approach, 78.8% of them agreed with direct source style and 94.4% agreed with informal style of giving information. 18.1% of patients disagree with the flow of the companions of patients of the disease.Discussion & findings indicates on better transfer of the bad news to the patients with a historical approach and telling to the patient by physician, directly.

One of the discussed variables in psychology area is moral intelligence. Moral intelligence is the capacity to understand right from wrong and to behave based on the value that is believed to be right. There are seven main points that build someone's moral intelligence, Rectitude, kindness, responsibility, forgiveness, attendance, respect, appreciation & peace. Furthermore the essentiality of moral intelligence by literature review has been mentioned. In whole quality of intelligence dimensions can be considered as influential and fundamental construct in improving and reinforcing healthy society.

Recognize and respect the rights of patients is important in improving quality of care and increased reliability and Patient satisfaction. The aim study was Clinical training student's awareness from patient's rights in Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences University, Tehran (2013-14). In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 70 Clinical training students in Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences University were selected using Stratified random sampling method. Data were gatherers using a Questionnaire which analyzed by descriptive statistics and SPSS 16. Student awareness of patient's rights was 8.5% weak, 90% moderate and 1.4% good. Highest awareness was Access to services (61.07%) and the lowest awareness was personal liberty (44.7%).Discution: In study Ajami Ghaleh Rashidi and Colleagues That examines the relationship between knowledge of patient's rights with respect in rehabilitation experts of Rehabilitation centers in Tehran showed Knowledge of patient's rights in 7/59 percent of the experts were in very good, Ranjbar study and collaborate on different fields of Medical Students student's knowledge was assessed Average Clinical training students communicate with patients (particularly students who communicate with disabilities) is importance, so Planning to improve student awareness about the patient's rights is necessary. To compensate for the lack of information in the field,offering a course Introduction to the patient's rights, workshops, informing through educational journals and introduce the book to students by teachers can be effective.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship of Spiritual Leadership with, ethical climate and General Health among nurses. Concerning its purpose, the study was practical and considerate the data collection procedure it was a descriptive correlation study. Statistical population included public hospitals nurses in Sanandaj city. Samples of 111 subjects were chosen through simple random sampling procedure. The data collection tools were a Spiritual Leadership questionnaire, ethical climate questionnaire (Victor and Cullen, 1998), General Health questionnaire (GHQ-12) that their validity and reliability were allowable. Data analyzed using test of Pearson correlation. Results showed that Between Spiritual Leadership and ethical climate was a significant relationship. It was also found that component Between Spiritual Leadership and General Health was a significant relationship. But Between ethical climate and General Health wasnt a significant relationship.