فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 62 (تابستان 1394)

The book ‘Al- Sahih men Sirah al-Nabi al- A’zam’ Compiled by Seyed Ja’far Morteza Ameli is considered one of the most significant sources towards the study of conduct and in which it has been utilized various historical methods. In this writing، Ameli’s methods concerning the investigation of historical probabilities in “Al- Sahih book”، has been acknowledged، classified and presented some examples for each of them. The study of historical probabilities by Ameli could be classified in the following issues: 1. The preference of a historical probability such as: the preference of probability in line with the character of given individual، the preference of probability in harmony with the explicitness of historical narration، the preference of probability by the rejection of one of the contrasting probabilities، the preference of probability on the basis of the other similar narrations or the frequency of narrations، the preference of probability according to the taste and favor، 2. The rejection of a historical probability such as: the rejection of probability without any reason، the rejection of probability based on the character of given individual or the context of narrations، the rejection of probability against the exterior of narration; 3. Therejection of the others’justification such as: the rejection ofjustification incongruous with the explicitness of narration، the rejection of justification of the total narrations inconsistent according to the authorities’ dictum.

Economic state of prophet’s life and the quality of his wives’ living are considered the issues having been rather ignored by the historians in spite of its significance، and it is attributed to the historical writings concerning the invitation، battles، as well as social morale of the prophet. The present writing with the purpose of the studying the life style of prophet in relation to the financial affairs of family and utilizing the historical، narrative، and interpretive sources has endeavored to answer the question regarding the quality of administration of prophet in affording the living of his wives. The findings of this research reveals that the modesty of prophet and providing the necessities of life and even advising the wives towards the abstinence from extravagance and ornaments was not an obstacle against providing their necessary maintenance.

The present writing is to critically investigate the diverse viewpoints concerning the religion of Nasser e- Kabir and his household. There exist two viewpoints in this regard: a group of authors in many centuries with various belief tendencies and belonging to the different intellectual and scientific assemblies consider him to be the follower of Zeidiyeh religion and conversely the other group of Imami authors –often since the 10th century and then- have introduced him as Imami scholar on the basis of some propositions. Through the analytical investigation of the propositions and historical evidences as well as the works and ideas of Nasser e- Kabir، it is concluded that the viewpoint of the first group is closer to reality. In regard with the religion of Nasser e- Kabir’s household، some sources regard them as Imami while the study of historical evidences makes known that the other members of household have been the believers of Zeidiyeh as well.

Yaqtin’s household was considered as one of the most influential Shiite، political and scientific households of Kufa in the middle of the second until the middle of the third century -After Hijrah- being in the array of the followers of Imams -PBUT- and also being of particular position in Abbasid caliphate. This issue provided an exceptional opportunity towards their taking part in the political propagation of Shiism. Considering the extension of relationships of this household، it is raised this question related to the origin of their political activities. The findings of the present article reveal that the political activity of Yaqtin’s household though in the micro level has been on the basis of their personal innovations and in the macro level، it has been corresponding to the determined political strategies by the Shiite Imams.

Before the advent of Islam in Transoxania, Bokhara was of particular importance in terms of economic, communicative, and cultural affairs. It was considerably developed after being selected as the capital of Samanids in addition to considering their cultural and administrative policies. Relying on the spiritual position of Abbasids and providing security, stability and peace in the cultural, social, and economic domains, Samanids could change this city to a religious, civil center in the east of the world of Islam under the title of Qubbat ol- Islam. The importance of Bokhara and the role of Samanids’ actions towards the richness of this city would be the main issue of this article having been investigated through the descriptive method.

Abbasid and Ishmaelite tried to furtively develop invitation organization towards the actualization of their objectives. The comparison of the objectives and principles of these two organizations and discovering the similarity and difference aspects of them are the issues which could led to the more recognition of these two trends. This issue has been investigated through the descriptive-comparative method and on the basis of predicative studies in this writing. The findings of the article reveal that the main distinguishing aspect of these two organizations is that the Abbasid invitation organization was the follower of political goals while Ishmaelite invitation organization believed in the propagation of Ishmaelite beliefs as well. Both organizations were common in the principles such as concealment، order in affairs، absolute obedience of imam and the attraction of followers in different ways and achieving authority and domination were considered their most significant common objectives. Regarding their positive aspects، it should be added that Ishmaelite were faithful towards their beliefs even after achieving power and preserved the invitation organization and they showed more negligence in the affairs while Abbasids were the opposite of them. Also، the invitation organization was revealed on the basis of the principles of hierarchical order and mainly political manifestation before Abbasids، while before Ishmaelite it was of religious and spiritual aspects particularly believing in the necessity of leadership of appointed Imam on top of hierarchy of organization.

Iberian Peninsula is the land with the diverse tribes and unity in that region has been along with difficulties. The origin of this difficulty is deemed to be the void of common race among the residents of this land. Affected by the profound challenges، Spain set the development of national unity as a priority and selected the religious unity out of the persecution of beliefs as one of the appropriate means in favor of this objective. persecution of beliefs resembling an appropriate method towards the fulfillment of this goal in Spain has been of three phases at least however its middle phase initiated from the ending 15th century and the beginning of 16th centaury A. C is of significance due to the fact that it was follower of the objective in relation to the development of a united national government. In this regard، Spain government sponsored by the office of persecution of beliefs but in reality with the motivation of anti- Semitism seriously fought against Arabs and Judaists as two influential tribes and resident of this land to re-find the means of its missed unity. The present article has studied the diverse dimensions of this issue.