فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال هفتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 28، پاییز 1394)

In today''s world، developing tourism as an earning industry is one of main objective of planners، organizers and governments in most countries. Among reasons that public have given lots of attention to tourism industry is due to increasing population، science and art development، people more free and leisure time. According to CASTERZ (1984) tourism is a multidisciplinary knowledge which is not completed without précised political analysis، proper planning and development. Inskeep Edward (1991) in the book of tourism development and planning argues that tourism planning is a constant and dynamic issue and also believes that it helps governments to identify and predict tourism industry future. This would help them to increase their role and responsibilities in this process. Basically، traveling and tourism market is mostly developing in cities. Many of the developed cities'' residents wants to escape from this modernized and artificial aroma to less developed and pure nature based places (way gi chak، 1377). From 70''s، tourists activities in rural areas has increased drastically in most developed countries around the globe which this has played fundamental role on rural areas social، economic development (Peralez،2002). Hence tourism industry experts according to their knowledge and understanding believe on rural tourism development based on scientific planning for reorganizing of rural areas. Based on this matter، identifying and introducing traveling destinations in rural areas، is the first step on reaching rural tourism development. This paper tried to analyze rural tourism situation in order to identify targeted rural areas for tourism purposes. This identification would shed lights on determinant development factors on rural tourism.

Population is one of the fundamental elements in the economic, social and cultural rights are considered. The knowledge of the particulars of the population and the structure, size and spatial extent of important tools for decision making and planning is. In fact, the spatial distribution of population is a long-term guide for economic projects. The population can be considered from two perspectives: Dispersion and distribution of the population per unit area and Reporting of the population in urban and rural habitats. Understanding the distribution and population dynamics in space, In planning for the geographic location can have many applications. Considering the importance of the demographic changes in the planning, this paper explores the spatial distribution of population in the region of Zanjan deals And model the spatial distribution of population in the region to achieve. The main goal is to find the balance in spatial distribution of this area.

Tourism and its economy is currently in transition and one of the pillars of the economy, the business world and plays a vital role in the global economy. In addition, many planners and policy makers the economic development of the tourism industry as a key element of their learning development. Health tourism as one of the aspects of tourism, all travel is to improve the well-being and sustainable development and to help the country's economy is dynamic. The health tourism, a national strategy to increase the country's income and is considered a security arm. This study aimed to identify and prioritize the factors influencing the development of health tourism in the province has been done. To this end, the review of the literature and concepts in the field of health tourism, factors have been studied. The aim of the present study was descriptive and the practical results. Population health research expert's familiar with the tourism industry in the province form and twenty experts available in 1393 was used as an example. In order to identify factors influencing the population studied is designed questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed in order to select the main variables of the study sample was given to members and their comments on these factors have been determined. In order to prioritize the identified factors TOPSIS method is used. The second questionnaire to assess the impact of each factor to the parameters specified in the sample was collected and summarized data, decision matrix was. Finally prioritized according to the weight and importance of each of these factors has been shown. The result shows that the priorities of the cost of treatment, the highest priority in the development of health tourism is capable of Followed by medical staff trained and familiar with foreign languages, good cultural environment and social security for the Muslim world, Take advantage of appropriate infrastructure in aviation, laws and codes, A special medical visas and ease of visas, The IT department for the convenience of electronic payments And electronic communications and telecommunications, There are several treatment centers and specialized international the next priorities are the development of health tourism in the province.

Sustainability is a collection of ecological, economic, social and spatial-physical dimensions in which the contrast and interaction among these aspects leads to Sustainability or instability. In this approach, clarifying the status of rural communities, structure, problems, the development process and especially the welfare level of inhabitants in rural areas has a significant importance. Therefore, recognition and understanding of the current situation and prevailing conditions in the local, regional and national systems along with getting information about sustainability of the rural communities has a unique significance in decision-making processes. Hence, it is necessary to know which factors affect the sustainability of the villages. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of targeting subsidies on the sustainability of the villages located in the central district of Zabol Township. In this research has been used a combination of field method and descriptive–analytical method. The samples consist of 52 villages in the central district. Due to the number of households living in these villages and Cochran formula, 254 of heads of households in villages were selected to complete the questionnaire. The number of the questionnaire of each village for completing was calculated according to the proportion of people who have directly received the subsidies in their accounts. In these questionnaires, 25 indicators have been emphasized. These indicators are related to the four dimensions of sustainable rural development. In this research, using the AHP approach in Expert Choice and ArcGIS software, it has been attempted to analyze the effects of targeting subsidies on the rural sustainability. The results of this study confirm that after implementing this project, the rate of sustainability in 50 villages has lowered 96% of the studies villages). Moreover, the research findings show that the rate of popular Participation in the studied villages has decreased during this project. Therefore, due to the negative effects of targeting subsidies on the living conditions of rural households and considering that the households in the villages are mostly lower income decides, thus increasing their share in cash payments of subsidies should be considered.

Today, rural development is considered to be one of the important goals of the world countries, and although this importance is well-recognized, rural development is still faced with numerous issues and challenges as the previously-tried strategies have not been successful in alleviating poverty, and in providing employment, sanitation and hygiene, food security, and environmental stability. In recent years this problem has brought the rural development into spotlight again, and has made theorists, planners, and governmental executives take some measures to alleviate the problems and issues of the rural areas by presenting new methods and strategies. One of the strategies that world countries have paid special attention to, which is even implemented by some countries and which has yielded positive results, is tourism development in rural areas. Planners look at tourism as an “industry that provides economic and population stability” for rural communities. Today, with regard to the economic changes that have occurred in rural communities, such as the villages of Damavand County, Tehran Province, Iran, the survival of the villages can no longer be ensured solely based on agriculture, but other economic activities should be provided for the villages, too. In this regard, tourism can be seriously considered as a practical solution to dependence on one-dimensional economics. In this study, by considering the approaches to the development of rural economics, the economic effects of tourism and its related activities on the economics of sampled villages of Damavand County were examined, and in this regard the relationship between tourism as the independent variable and the development of rural economics as the dependent variable has been investigated by taking into account two indexes, that is, job variety and creation of new job opportunities, and increase in income. In regard to the aim of the study, this study is applied, and with respect to method it is descriptive and inferential. The data collection was carried out by both library research and field research methods and a Likert scale questionnaire was used. Among the 39 villages of Damavand County, 8 villages were selected as the research sample by the use of Delphi sampling method and according to the experts’ opinions. To determine the sample size in the selected villages Cochran sampling formula was used, and of 2848 families living in the area, 381 householders were selected. To analyse the data both descriptive and inferential statistics were used, and in inferential statistics, to investigate the relationship between the study’s variables, the parametric test of Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The results showed that tourism increased job variety and created new job opportunities, and led to an increase in the income of the people of the sampled villages. Therefore, in order to highlight the role of tourism in the economic development of the villages under study, a number of suggestions have been made concerning job variety, creating new job opportunities, as well as increasing the income of the people living in these areas.

Political organization of space in any single country or geopolitical dynamic and continuous process follows. Necessities and forces that are produced in the course of national development in human society, political structure, and the spatial constantly challenged and forced them to pull their flexibility and modification or alteration. Seem to change the political climate in the country also affect the political behavior of the people of those areas. In this study we have tried to influence the electoral behavior of citizens to change the political organization of space is studied. Therefore electorate Qom as one of the most important and influential constituencies in the elections as a case study selected eight rounds of parliamentary elections taking place in this province has been studied. Due to changes in the political environment of the country, divided since the revolution has been carried out, three periods can be detected in the province. In addition to political participation in this research study, three variables representing the electorate candidates; clergy, sex, hometown, the tendency of people in the three analytic methods will be examined. The results of this study indicate that changes in the political organization of Qom city atmosphere created by the conduct of the elections was also impressive. This results in changes in the level of political participation, strengthen the spirit hometown, increasing the number of women candidates for elections and votes gained by their less fortunate Clergymen have been.

Today, Iran has reached significant progress in the field of health care, and dedicated a significant percentage of its GDP (compared to the previous edition) in this section. However, it seems that cannot be easily related to the balance appropriate health care services in different provinces of the country commented. The present article reviews the appropriateness of the distribution of health services in the provinces than the entire population using software DeaMaster. Reverse variable rate of maternal mortality and reversing the rate of deaths of children under 5 years as output and population variables/flat, population/value added, the number of doctors and health centers as inputs of health. Results show that in the period 2003-2012, states as Ardebil, Tehran, Khorasan, Khuzestan, Semnan, Kohkiluye and Boyerahmad,Kerman, Golestan and Yazd are completely wealthy. Other provinces have in the efficient frontier, while the lowest level of performance is related to Kermanshah, Khorasan, West Azarbaijan, Zanjan and Sistan-Baluchestan. Results show that among the provinces the distribution of health services in 9 provinces effectively meets the needs of the population and the services in other provinces are not enough of them.

Rural management is one of the main aspects of rural development. Having this in mind, this paper used documentary and survey method conducted by questionnaire and guided interview to gather the required information and data is analyzed using parametric and nonparametric statistical methods implemented in SPSS. In this study, four hypotheses about the relationship between Education, Age, known for reputation and financial situation of the governors of a rural districts with the participation of rural people to provide a new management approach based on social and economic status, has been proposed. The results show that the social and economic status of governors of a rural districts has a significant role in attracting public participation and rural development and the correlation is calculated, which means there is asignificant relationship between these variables.

Today, rural development faces many issues and challenges, because past strategies in rural development were not successful. Therefore in recent years, theory makers and policymakers proposed tourism development as a proper strategy to reduce problems faced rural areas. One approach which is most considered in the world is developing tourism in rural areas. Religious tourism is a kind of tourism that can have an effective role in developing rural areas. Proper planning for tourism development and identifying advantages and limitations of this development can be effective in developing of regional and national zones and also growing of economic diversity. There are some number of Shrines, holy Tombs and religious centers which have a very high capacity in Southern Khorasan province. Therefore by implementing correct policies and creating tourism infrastructure we can see religious and pilgrimage tourism development that could be caused rural development. So the main objective of this research is investigating the importance of religious tourism and increases its benefits in social development (employment, decreasing migration, and increasing welfare services and amenities) of rural areas. The method of this research is practical and descriptive – analytic. Data collection from 360 persons in target villages was done by considering the rural population in each area. Then we test correlation between three factors that cause social development in rural areas, and tourism by Pearson's correlation coefficient method. Findings show that although there is a correlation between tourism and rural development but correlations between the three factors and tourism are not significant.

Social capital, including aspects such as (trust, cooperation and cohesion) is the social aspect. In the absence of social capital, other capital loses its effectiveness, Today; in the analysis of social and economic development of rural communities this is important. The purpose of this paper is the study of social capital in rural areas rely on sources ranging from (human relations networks, institutions and social structures) is.This study combines theoretical foundations of social capital theorists, sociologists areas ranging from (Coleman, Putnam and Bourdieu) is. In total there is this phenomenon as a necessary condition for the achievement of sustainable development through the dissemination of social indicators such as (solidarity, partnership and trust) to have varying levels. This study was a survey and solidarity of all the inhabitants of the 18-45 year old population of the village is Asadabad, The sample size was calculated using the formula 140 Cochran, Class of random sampling, the researcher made questionnaire based on information collected. The Cronbach's alpha was %76 and the use of software and using descriptive statistics and inferential Spss22 (Pearson's regression and path analysis It can be concluded that the social indicators (participation, solidarity and trust) as the dimensions of social capital in rural development, there is a significant relationship(.The results of multiple regression analysis showed a significant correlation with the dimensions of social capital in rural development. The direct and indirect effects on different dimensions of social capital in rural development path model shown Social capital in the amount of 0/682 unit has a direct impact on rural development, As well as the indicators of social capital Social trust is the most direct impact on rural development and indicators of social cohesion and participation have an indirect effect on rural development.

Rural habitats as the oldest form of human communities have been developed and expanded as a result of changes in the people's lifestyles based on agriculture. In this regard, the predominant lifestyle in these life foci is an important factor for the context, body and form of houses as well as reflecting the function of the village in that region. With this attitude of the present paper aims to review the effects of the physical structure of the settlement pattern on the metamorphosis of the descriptive method of Sirjan County rural analytical is fitted. Collection of data collection through the library studies, and completed questionnaires from farmers in the four floors of the typical community villages has been doing. To test the assumptions of Kruskal– Wallis has been used. Forklift at suggests that physical structure on the change pattern of metamorphosis preparing rural for the study area is fitted to a large effective 85/1% households have been refined pattern that changed in the wake of the change of modern settlement system and to imitate the style of urban dwellings with new materials such as brick, cement, plaster and iron has been made. In terms of the extent and shape of the free space, built on the inner shape of the room, lift (number of rooms and the forklift operation), the look of the House lift (the way construction and architecture) has been created and changes of area and number of rooms that lift and reduce the elements such as the whereabouts of livestock, production workshop rugs, made of rustic home has been removed and in between the index of review on the levels of satisfaction of "cultivation pattern change of biological spaces» 04/4 with an average of the highest rank And "the consent of the Green House with an average of 67/2 space down most of the ratings are fitted.

For its residents, the neighborhood presents an opportunity to have informal interactions and create social cohesion. Identifying and distinguishing places and organizing them in ones’ mental structure not only allow individuals to have an effective performance but also are the sources of security and mutual understanding, and give them a pleasant and agreeable feeling. People seek physical clarity and places which are understandable and associated with their emotions and goals. The present article attempts to investigate the importance of the creating public spaces, especially in the highly dense neighborhoods and its effects on the increased security of the residents in that this protects human privacy in his residence. First, the concept of “privacy” and its functions are examined theoretically. Then the characteristics and nature of public space (collective life) of neighborhoods and finally the role of creating public spaces in building and protecting privacy of the families will be addressed. The research method is logical reasoning and a case study of on two highly dense residential areas of Tehran, Kazem-Abad and shams-Abad, along with field studies and a survey of the their residents through questionnaire. According to findings, in the present century (i.e., the last decade of the 14th century solar Hijri calender), a remarkably large population lives in the highly dense neighborhoods. If you look at people from the perspective of slave traders, and their spatial needs are conceptualized only in terms of their bodies, the effects of overcrowding are ignored. However, if people are considered human beings that are surrounded by invisibles bubbles (i.e., their privacy) which can be measured, the architecture of such neighborhoods can be examined from a new perspective.