فهرست مطالب

Preventive Medicine - Volume:6 Issue: 10, Oct 2015

International Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume:6 Issue: 10, Oct 2015

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1394/08/05
  • تعداد عناوین: 11
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  • Leila Mirmoghtadaie, Nahal Shamaeizadeh, Nooshin Mirzanasiri Page 1
    Folic acid (FA) is a water soluble vitamin that exists in many natural species. The lack of FA causes some deficiencies in the human body, so finding a simple and sensitive method for determining the FA is important. One of the modern techniques which overcome the disadvantages of conventional determination methods is the sensors. Possibility of miniaturization, the development of microfabricated electrochemical (EC) sensors has resulted in high sensitivity, portability, improved performance and spatial resolution, low power consumption, and the opportunity for integration with other technologies made Micro‑Electrical‑Mechanical Systems‑based EC sensors suitable to identify low concentration analytes and microorganisms in a variety of mediums.
    Keywords: Biomaterials, folic acid, nanomaterials, selectivity, sensitivity, sensor
  • Francis J. C. M. Konings, Jolanda J. P. Mathijssen, Jasper M. Schellingerhout, Ike H. T. Kroesbergen, Joyce Goede De, Ien A. M. Goor De Page 2
    Background
    Dehydration of elderly people living independently is a very important public health issue. This study compares two interventions to prevent dehydration in elderly people at risk: an educational intervention and an educational intervention in combination with a drink reminder device.
    Methods
    This is an experimental two‑armed parallel study. A Public Health Service develops the interventions and will be partnering with a general practice and a university to evaluate the effects. Two groups – all people aged 80 years and older, and people of 65 years and older who have cardiovascular disease – receive a letter from the general practice in which they are asked whether they want to participate in the study and if so to return the form. People who want to participate and whose daily fluid intake is insufficient are randomized to receive either the educational intervention or the educational intervention in combination with a drink reminder device. The participants are asked to fill in a questionnaire before the intervention, 6 weeks after the start of the intervention and 6 months after the start (or after the end) of the intervention. Changes between the two groups in fluid intake, knowledge, awareness of the risks of dehydration, and quality‑of‑life will be tested by Linear Mixed Model analyses.
    Conclusions
    This study will improve the knowledge of the effectiveness of interventions designed to prevent dehydration in elderly people.
    Keywords: Dehydration, drink reminder device, elderly, fluid intake, study protocol
  • Shervin Assari, Maryam Moghani Lankarani Page 3
    Background
    Although obesity is expected to be associated with intention to reduce weight, this effect may be through perceived overweight. This study tested if perceived overweight mediates the association between actual obesity and intention to control weight in groups based on the intersection of race and gender. For this purpose, we compared Non‑Hispanic White men, Non‑Hispanic White women, African American men, African American women, Caribbean Black men, and Caribbean Black women.
    Methods
    National Survey of American Life, 2001–2003 included 5,810 American adults (3516 African Americans, 1415 Caribbean Blacks, and 879 Non‑Hispanic Whites). Weight control intention was entered as the main outcome. In the first step, we fitted race/gender specific logistic regression models with the intention for weight control as outcome, body mass index as predictor and sociodemographics as covariates. In the next step, to test mediation, we added perceived weight to the model.
    Results
    Obesity was positively associated with intention for weight control among all race × gender groups. Perceived overweight fully mediated the association between actual obesity and intention for weight control among Non‑Hispanic White women, African American men, and Caribbean Black men. The mediation was only partial for Non‑Hispanic White men, African American women, and Caribbean Black women.
    Conclusions
    The complex relation between actual weight, perceived weight, and weight control intentions depends on the intersection of race and gender. Perceived overweight plays a more salient role for Non‑Hispanic White women and Black men than White men and Black women. Weight loss programs may benefit from being tailored based on race and gender. This finding also sheds more light to the disproportionately high rate of obesity among Black women in US.
    Keywords: Blacks, gender, obesity, perceived overweight, race, weight control
  • Pardhasaradhi Mathi, Snehasish Das, Kumar Nikhil, Partha Roy, Srikanth Yerra, Suryachandra Rao Ravada, Venkata Raman Bokka, Mahendran Botlagunta Page 4
    Background
    Sophora belongs to the family of Fabaceae and the species in this genus are currently used as a folklore medicine for preventing a variety of ailments including cancer. Our aim was to identify and validate an anticancer compound from Sophora interrupta using multi‑spectroscopic, anticancer screening, and molecular docking approach.
    Methods
    The cytotoxicity of the various solvent extracts, petroleum ether, n‑butanol, and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) of the S. interrupta root powder was evaluated in a breast cancer cell lines (MCF‑7). The extract that had anticancer activity was subjected to column chromatography based on the polarity of the solvents. The anticancer activity of the elution fractions was validated using a 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl) ‑2,5‑ diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The isolated metabolite fraction with anticancer activity was run through a C18 column isocratic and gradient high‑performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The structure of the isolated compound was characterized using 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),13C‑NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography‑mass spectrometer methods.
    Results
    The crude EtAOc extract effectively inhibited the proliferation of MCF‑7 cells. The column eluted chloroform and EtOAc (4:6) fraction of the EtOAc extract showed significant anticancer activity in the MCF‑7 cells compared with normal mesenchymal stem cells. This fraction showed three major peaks in the HPLC chromatogram and the first major peak with a retention time (RT) of 7.153 was purified using preparative‑HPLC. The structure of the compound is a piceatannol, which is a metabolic product of resveratrol. Piceatannol formed direct two hydrogen bond interactions between Cys912 (2H), and Glu878 of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) with a glide‑score (G‑score) of −10.193, and two hydrogen bond interactions between Cys919, and Asp1046 of VEGFR2, with a G‑score of −8.359. The structure is similar to that of the crystallized protein for VEGFR1 and R2.
    Conclusions
    Piceatannol is a secondary metabolite of S. interrupta that has anticancer activity. Moreover, piceatannol has been isolated for the first time from S. interrupta.
    Keywords: Active fraction, cancer cell lines, characterization, phenol, piceatannol, Sophora interrupta roots
  • Reza Ghadimi, Elmira Asgharzadeh, Parvin Sajjadi Page 5
    Background
    The aim of the present study is to assess the elementary schoolchildren’s nutritional status based on anthropometric indices due to the sudden spread of obesity in children and adolescents in both developed and developing countries.
    Methods
    This cross‑sectional study was conducted on 3647 children with an age range of 7–11 years of primary schools in Babol using cluster random sampling method in 2012. Children younger than 7 years or older than 11 years, children with chronic diseases, pupils treated with corticosteroids or growth hormone replacement therapy and children with chromosomal abnormalities were excluded from the study. Anthropometric indices were measured by medical students and evaluated according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standard percentiles. Data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS version 18 with Chi‑square and independent samples t‑test.
    Results
    The body mass index of 26.1% of children was greater than the 85th percentile, and 4.7% was less than the 5th percentile. The prevalence of obesity among boys was significantly higher than girls (P = 0.007). Moreover, urban children (P = 0.0001) and children who studied in private schools (P = 0.0001) had a significantly higher proportion of obesity and overweight than the urban and private schoolstudents. The highest prevalence of obesity and overweight belonged to 18.0% of the students among fifth graders and 15.3% of schoolchildren among third graders, respectively (P < 0.001).
    Conclusions
    The results showed that the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the study was higher. It seems it is necessary to implement the intervention programs to prevent overweight and obesity among schoolchildren.
    Keywords: Body mass index, obesity, overweight, schoolchildren
  • Majid Hasan‑Ghomi, Hanieh‑Sadat Ejtahed, Parvin Mirmiran, Firozeh Hosseini‑Esfahani, Narges Sarbazi, Fereidoun Azizi, Saeed Sadeghian Page 6
    Background
    As food insecurity has negative effects on health, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between household food security and type 2 diabetes mellitus and its related risk factors.
    Methods
    In this case‑control study, 200 individuals with and 200 individuals without type 2 diabetes mellitus, aged over 40 years, were randomly selected from among participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. The questionnaire on household food security proposed by the United States Department of Agriculture was completed for them by trained personnel. Logistic regression was used to determine the variable that had the most significant relationship with food security status.
    Results
    The average of food security score was 2.38 ± 2.0 in non‑diabetic and 2.25 ± 2.0 in diabetic individuals (P = 0.6). In both groups, the risk for food insecurity in women was more than in men. In the diabetic group, being single and having education levels below high school increased the risk of food insecurity. In the non‑diabetic group, the risk of food insecurity in obese individuals was 3.3 times higher than normal individuals (odds ratio = 2.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.2–4.1).
    Conclusions
    There were no significant differences in food security levels of diabetic and non‑diabetic groups. However, some risk factors of type 2 diabetes including sex, marital status, educational level, and obesity were associated with food insecurity.
    Keywords: Food security_obesity_Tehran Lipid_Glucose Study_type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • Elahe Zakizadeh, Elham Faghihimani, Parvane Saneei, Ahmad Esmaillzadeh Page 7
    Background
    This study was designed to examine the effects of purslane seeds on biomarkers of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients.
    Methods
    This cross‑over randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 40 patients with type 2 diabetes. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 10 g/day purslane seeds with 240 cc low‑fat yogurt (intervention group) or only 240 cc low‑fat yogurt (as a control group) for 5 weeks. After a 2‑week washout period, subjects were moved to the alternate arm for an additional 5 weeks. At baseline and end of each study phase, fasting blood samples were collected to quantify biomarkers of oxidative stress.
    Results
    We observed a slight decrease in plasma total antioxidant capacity in both groups, however, between‑group changes were not significant (−2.67 vs. −2.95 µg/dL, P = 0.94). Plasma malondialdehyde in purslane group increased slightly, however, we observed no significant effect in the control group (1.62 vs. −0.47 µg/dL, P = 0.58). Although both groups had a slight reduction in plasma oxidized low‑density lipoprotein (ox‑LDL), we failed to find any significant effect of purslane on plasma ox‑LDL (−1.06 vs. −1.71 µg/dL, P = 0.85).
    Conclusions
    This cross‑over clinical trial revealed that consumption of purslane seeds for 5 weeks in type 2 diabetic patients did not result in improved oxidative stress.
    Keywords: Diabetes, medicinal plant, oxidative stress, purslane
  • Mehri Rejali, Mehdi Tazhibi, Fariborz Mokarian, Nazjamal Gharanjik, Reyhane Mokarian Page 8
    Background
    Prognostic tools are widely used in the practice of Oncology and have beendeveloped to help stratify patients into specific risk‑related grouping. We sought to apply of two such tools used for patients with early‑stage breast cancer and to correlate them with actual outcomes.
    Methods
    A retrospective study was designed to include early‑stage breast cancer cases seen from 1994 to 2014 at the Seyedoshohada Hospital in Isfahan, Iran. Information was derived from the patients’ records, and indices were derived from prognostic tools. Information was analyzed using descriptive statistics and one sample t‑test.
    Results
    In 233 patients, the difference between the predicted overall survival (OS) by the Adjuvant Online (AO) prognosis tools (69.28) and the observed OS (71.2) was not statistically significant (P = 0.52), and the AO prognosis tools had predicted the patients’ OS correctly. In the Nottingham prognosis index (NPI), this difference in all groups except the very poor prognosis group was not statistically significant.
    Conclusions
    Adjuvant Online prognosis tools were capable of predicting the 10‑year OS rate although not in all of the subgroups. The NPI was capable of distinguishing good, moderate, and poor survival rates, but this ability was not visible in more specific groups with moderate and poor prognosis.
    Keywords: Early‑stage breast cancer, Nottingham prognostic index, prognostic tools
  • Jalal Poorolajal, Shirin Rezaie, Negar Aghighi Page 9
    Background
    This study was conducted to explore the prevalence of medical error underreporting and associated barriers.
    Methods
    This cross-sectional study was performed from September to December 2012. Five hospitals, affiliated with Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, in Hamedan,Iran were investigated. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Participants consisted of physicians, nurses, midwives, residents, interns, and staffs of radiology and laboratory departments.
    Results
    Overall, 50.26% of subjects had committed but not reported medical errors. The main reasons mentioned for underreporting were lack of effective medical error reporting system (60.0%), lack of proper reporting form (51.8%), lack of peer supporting a person who has committed an error (56.0%), and lack of personal attention to the importance of medical errors (62.9%). The rate of committing medical errors was higher in men (71.4%), age of 50–40 years (67.6%), less-experienced personnel (58.7%), educational level of MSc (87.5%), and staff of radiology department (88.9%).
    Conclusions
    This study outlined the main barriers to reporting medical errors and associated factors that may be helpful for healthcare organizations in improving medical error reporting as an essential component for patient safety enhancement.
    Keywords: Iran, medical error, patient safety, reporting system
  • Saurabh R. Shrivastava, Prateek S. Shrivastava, Jegadeesh Ramasamy Page 10