فصلنامه مجلس و راهبرد
پیاپی 83 (پاییز 1394)

Nowadays، a large number of satellites operate over the geographic ranges of Iran، and they broadcast about three thousand television channels that at least 30 of them are Persian-speaking. These channels are aimed to be watched mainly by Iranians، Afghans، Tajiks and other Persians all over the world. In Iran، apart from the proprietary channels of provincial capitals، more than twenty television channels are broadcasted from Tehran. Nevertheless، in spite of setting up these channels، not only has not people’s attitude towards satellite channels’ programs lessened in recent years، but it has also increased continuously. Whereas Iran enacted the “Prohibition of Using Receiver Equipment from Satellite Act” in more than two decades ago in 1994، and despite all problems in the process of executing this Act، not an effective action has been taken for reviewing that yet. In this paper، in addition to investigating the causes of the increasing tendency of citizens، especially the youth to satellite channels، by referring to the results of a scientific research “Attractive Factors of BBC Persian Television News for Iranian Youth and Teen” 1، some solutions have been suggested.

Efforts to develop comprehensive policies to promote community economic, social, political, cultural and etc development; need to examine the effects of inflation as one of the most important problems of developing countries in all aspects of life including social issues such as crime the annual fee noticed that a lot of people and communities be considered. Thus, after the theoretical expression, inflation swelling associated with the crime will be dealt with using a panel data model when the various levels (short and long term) of the experimental and at the provincial level will be dealt with over the years 1997-2012 and effectiveness of these variables on a variety of crimes including property crimes and violent crimes, along with other important variables. The results show that inflation is always significant and positive in the long term and short-term effect on crime types and drawing comparisons suggest that the effect of inflation on crime is even more than the effect of unemployment on crime.

Security and peace establishment in each society is one of the most important responsibilities and goals of government that is taken care of by use of all its executive agents and abilities. Today, not only does the security concept include military issues, but also all aspects of human life. For instance, environmental problems and security threats are results of this concept that attract high levels of global attention. As an environmental threat, bioterrorism can endanger the country's security, in case of occurrence. Additionally, it can become a national crisis, which requires crisis management, panic control and social stability in order to decrease the attack effects for its prevention. Based on our country's location and presence of some powers like US and Israel around us, Iran's vulnerability in national level like borders and ethnic regions from one side, and disability of some neighbor governments in governing their territory from the other side, have made terrorism an important issue for Islamic republic of Iran. Survey assumptions include: 1) It seems that there is a direct relationship between environmental security and national security. 2) There is an inverted relation between bioterrorism threats’ effects and government and society’s readiness. Survey results show that lack of planning and readiness of society and government against a bioterrorism act influences countrie's political, social and economic dimensions and causes huge disaster. Folk's knowledge and education in addition to government’s planning in the field of unexpected and unnatural threats and events such as bioterrorism, play a key role in decreasing the crisis effects as the result of those events. As the most important result, the requirement for analysis of a bioterrorism action is having sufficient knowledge. It also must be considered that prevention of bioterrorism occurrence is much better than being faced to it afterwards.

Increase in the productivity of production factors in agriculture sector is of great importance. This study examines the impact of government's supportive policies on the total factor productivity in Iran's agriculture sector over the period 1981-2010. For this purpose, the Torn-Quist index (known as total factor productivity index) is used to determine the total factor productivity and PSE (known as the Producer Support Estimate index) to calculate the amounts of support in subsectors of agriculture. Hence, the Panel Data Approach was applied to estimate the productivity model in agriculture sector. Estimation of total factor productivity in agriculture sector suggests that supportive policies have meaningful and positive impact on total factor productivity of agriculture sector. Based on the results of the survey, supporting policies as an important and effective factor for productivity of agriculture sector must be considered more seriously by politicians. These supports should be granted to exemplar farmers with high-performance to encourage them. Besides, other manufacturers would utilize more convenient methods of production to improve performance, and therefore total factor productivity will increase.

Although passing 10 years from the approval of the womb donation act to infertile spouses and its executive by-law, and with attention to the increase in the demands and numerous references of infertile spouses to the lawful centers and the justices to take the permit for getting womb and doing the curative periods of the applicant sicknesses, unfortunately, these measures are merely ritualistic, and the lawful specialized centers proceed donation, transfer, and sometimes introduce substitute womb to the applicants and cure them by perfect interpretation from available laws and by the use of common term of womb donation and with comparison to deficient stipulations of the present law and without attention to the religious matters and the artificial insemination law in different kinds of issue. The infertility of spouses has been the main reason for enacting the described law –hereafter, the donation act-, but the cure of these sicknesses practically has been caused a wrong procedure and also doing inconsistent acts with religion and rules by lawful specialized centers in this regard. Therefore, it is necessary to improve and attach some articles to the said act. In this regard, this research has attempted during three chapters; firstly, investigate the terms of donation act to infertile spouses which sometimes have had different subjective interpretations and deduction. Secondly, artificial insemination, womb transfer, gamete and co-infertility methods have been explicated briefly asaid from acceptance or unacceptance of the artificial insemination in different kinds of issues. Finally, some suggestions have been presented in order to name the flaws of the donation act and to present solutions for completing and correcting the related rules and regulations.

On the one hand, due to strategic location of Iran, financial needs for providing security are broad, although the financial resources of the country to meet these needs are limited. On the other hand, due to the economic sanctions imposed by Western countries and the necessity of execution defense economics as an important dimension of resistant economy, examination of defense expenses and its impact on economic growth of the country is of great importance. This Study evaluates and analyzes the economic impact of defense expenses on economic growth of the country by examining the dimensions of defensive economy over the period 1979- 2001. To this end, a model based on a system of simultaneous equations (SEM) is presented which takes into account the direct effect of defensive expenses as well as its indirect effects on economic growth. The effects of defensive expenses on economic growth of Iran have been reviewed and examined by means of two-stage least squares method (2SLS) for single equate estimations and three-stage least squares method (3SLS) to estimate the system of simultaneous equations. The results indicate that the major causes of Iran's defense expenses are not economic, but strategic (threat of war). Moreover, the direct effect of defense expenses on economic growth and its indirect effects on the trade balance and savings are negative and meaningful.

The increase of marine transformation with commercial vessels, warships and submarines and consequent pollution of sea in recent century, not only did threat and annihilate the vital resources and marine ecosystems, but it has also led to tension and conflict between divisions and political players and can be a threat to global community. Although legal requirements in this field to combat marine pollution in the form of bilateral, regional and international treaties and conventions have been signed, it seems that there are shortcomings in the field of international marine law that cause tension and conflict between countries and so, the geopolitics of the sea. In this regard, this study was conducted using gap to investigate this issue. The results indicate that there are gaps in the fight against marine pollution in the legal requirements that have already formulated, and the most important reason is that marine law is sovereign. Hence, these gaps as cooperation, competition, tension and conflict have affected the behavior of political players in a way that geo-politicians in addition to providing geo-environmental policy, they feel this risk. So, they have found necessary the formation of global consensus to combat marine pollution to help jurists fill this gaps. By this means, while executive guaranteed requirements and laws can be formulated, the geopolitical consequences can be prevented and humanity can be led towards peace.

Inequality in the allocation of opportunities has always been one of the main sources of economic concern on national and global scale. At national level, income mobility is a criterion that measures the degree of equality and inequality of opportunities in a society. In this paper, a type of pattern data building pseudo-panel is designed in order to examine the effects of income mobility on consuming welfare of urban male heads of household in Iran. The pattern is designed by combining cross-sectional data of household budget of generations of families that are in the years 1988 to 2011 on track. The results indicate that the middle age generation has higher income mobility and lower opportunity inequality compared to young generation. The more the opportunity inequality is, the larger the consuming gap will become between individuals. Therefore, by reduction of inequality of opportunities, the increase of consuming welfare can be seen.

United Arab Emirates by construction of its numerous artificial islands in the Persian Gulf has caused the offence of countries of the region, especially Iran. Small countries bordering the Persian Gulf try to increase their territory by building artificial islands and they spare no effort for it. These efforts include building residential, commercial and economic islands. This extensive expansion of territories by UAE can lengthen the determination process of Iranian sea borders. Moreover, it will darken the relationship of two countries and cause intervention of trans-regional countries in the Persian Gulf's bordering countries. On the other hand, construction of such islands can destroy unique types of sea species and obscure and mud water and relocate sediments along the shore. Above all, negative economic consequences should also be noted that will have negative effects on the economy of Iran. This research has focused on devastating effects of constructing such islands, especially on Persian Gulf’s fragile environment, and possible problems of their construction regarding the borders partition, since UAE’s borderlines in Persian Gulf are indeterminate.

From one side, governmental management regarding results and resources and from the other side, the control of public organization’s processes look for a combination of management rationality and public interest. The most evident example of “public interest” is environmental consideration in delivery of public service. Several different models have been proposed for public policy making until now. These models, regardless of the content of public policy issues, often concentrate on estate of policy formation. However, the model that considers environmental policies of Iran specifically has not been presented yet. In addition, the subject of environment is one of the main dimensions of sustainable development that makes it more urgent to be regarded. This research, tries to present the environmental policy making strategy of Iran in the context of public decision making conventional theories by comparing different models of public policy making. The main question is: what are the theoretical requirements of environmental policy making of the country regarding available models of public policy making. Results, which are conducted by use of “Grounded Theory” research method, suggest that existing situation of environmental policy making of Iran is affected by three dichotomies: “protection-exploitation”, “structure-function”, “knowledge-action” and some of public policy making models and approaches are more efficient than others due to climatic and political character of the context of environment of the country.

Participation is the lifeblood of democracy. Indeed, the health and satisfaction of a democracy is often seen in its level of turnout. Therefore, understanding of the reason of voting by people, and stimulating factors of political participation, can be helpful for decision making in the political, economic, and social spheres. This study aims to investigate the determinants of voter turnout in Iran. In this study, the analysis of the conventional regression and spatial econometrics have been used to identify effective factors on voter turnout of the various provinces in presidential elections in 2013. The results indicate that among the various factors, unemployment and political- secure factors have had a negative impact, and the amount of the reformist candidates’ votes has had a positive effect on voter turnout. Spatial analysis also shows that there is no significant dependence between rates of voters’ participation.

Nowadays, due to restrictions in production supplements, the best way to improve economic growth is to increase the productivity and efficiency. Firstly, these indexes need to be measured precisely. For more specific policy making and practical policies, it’s necessary to have economic evaluations on national scale, in addition to economic index measurements and analyses on lower scales like local and provincial scales. So this paper is going to make it practical based on final available information by measuring efficiency and productivity of industries in Western Azerbaijan, including top10 groups of industry whose ISIC codes are placed between 15 and 34, from 2002 till 2010. Efficiency and productivity have been calculated by applying two methods; Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) which is a parametric method in econometrics, and the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), used as a non-parametric method by means of panel data. Results of analysis indicate that in addition to low productivity in most industry subgroups, their growth is extremely low. Besides, the efficiency change in the mentioned period is along with intensive fluctuations. Furthermore, the research results confirm the fact that ranking based on two studied approaches, SFA and DEA approaches, give approximately the same outcomes.