فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 22 (تابستان 1394)

Land use planning as an important part of planning that has taken place in the form of development projects and sometime influenced by other forces, has affected neighborhoods after increasing development of cities and neighborhoods. During this process, some neighborhoods have been developed and some have been declined. Following new developments and in response to their problems, different theories and opinions have been proposed in which sustainable community development has been considered seriously in recent years. One of the most critical and challenging discussions with sustainable community development is energy debate. Due to important role of land use layout in sustainability of neighborhoods, energy consumption and land use planning approach to sustainable neighborhood development thereof, and with emphasis on efficient use of energy, can protect and enhance the level of sustainability in different neighborhoods. This study attempts to clarify the concept of neighborhood sustainable development especially in field of efficient energy consumption and its relation to land use planning. Daroos among other neighborhoods was chosen because it is one of Tehran's northern neighborhoods, which has been developed through a predetermined plan. The research method is analytic. To analyze the collected data (using questionnaires, field studies, information from relevant organizations and etc.), the qualitative, quantitative methods and analytic relevant softwares, including GIS (Geographic Information System), Likert spectrum and etc, have been used. In the section of analysis, critera and sub- criteria derived from theoretical framework are weighted using AHP tools and expertise; therefore arrangement of land uses in the neighborhood with an approach to energy consumption in the current situation, are analyzed. According to results of the analysis, options for land use planning in the neighborhood are offered. Then considering the criteria check list method and effects on energy consumption and according to the criteria and sub- criteria framework, options are evaluated. As a result, superior option for land use planning in line with sustainable neighborhood development, with emphasis on energy efficiency in the specified neighborhood is selected. Questions in prepared questionnaire are based on some sub-criteria for land use planning in order to optimize energy consumption, which directly associated with different age range residents, have been set and according to Likert spectrum, responses have been provided. Number of questionnaires based on the Cochrane formula is calculated (96 questionnaires) and randomly, in several parts of neighborhood have been completed. The results of this study demontrate that some sub-criteria such as land use diversity, appropriate public transit stop coverage radius, optimum residential density, nonresidential density, neighborhood unit centers, and etc., are in favorable conditions. However, in order to develop land use planning with an approach to efficient energy consumption in Daroos, it is imperative to improve some sub-criteria, such as dynamic neighborhood activity center, access to basic services, parking lots near public transport stops, standard green area per capita and etc., which are not in desirable conditions. Considering theoretical framework, acquaintance with Daroos neighborhood and the upstream projects, a land use plan was developed and presented as a result of this study.

Sustainable development has been defined as development that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Today's urban planning is no doubt affected by the sustainable development and also by the sustainability. The concept concerns the advancement of quality of life and an emphasis on equity and provision for the least advantaged sections of present and future generations. Social equity both between and within generations is a major stated aim, and working towards harmonious intra-human and human-environment relationships is similarly central to this approach. This concept has traditionally been used predominantly in a narrow environmental definition and to underpin the preservation of historical and cultural heritage. Town planners have been aware of sustainable issues for some time, although the priority this has been afforded is certainly both varied and debatable. Social sustainability concerns the ‘greening’ of trade, investment and service industries and the notion of improved ‘personal’ responsibility for all members of society. Attention to the needs of pedestrians and pedestrian-orientation is among the necessities of urban planning towards sustainable development. Making a connection between pedestrian and sustainable development topics is a serious issue. In the new urban development, spatial locating dedicated to pedestrians is beyond the sidewalks parallel to the roadways and the pedestrian way acts as a safe and secure space for the pedestrians. Main relevance between the sidewalk and the concept of sustainable development in the social sector is considered mostly during movement and walking through urban areas. Locating a pedestrian way that would have the principles of social sustainable development requires some indexes that would consider all traffic and physical aspects of a pedestrian path and also meet the social objectives of sustainable development. This article aims to explain the measures that would be appropriate for locating pedestrian paths in cities of Iran and on the other hand would also consider norms and goals of social sustainable development. Extraction of desired parameters has been done through a systematic process. In such a way that by studying of scientific texts and the resources relevant to the article, two general categories of indicators have been obtained: First category: the indicators for the construction of pedestrian ways and the second category: social indicators for Sustainable Development. After removal of deficiencies and overlapping in these two categories, all indicators measured by Gueller matrix to obtain the final output thereof; then, twenty final indicators in the form of four sections of traffic, physical, economic and ecological took place. Studying eight streets of the central district of Rasht and exact identification of them led to locating a pedestrian path using network analysis process. After binary comparison of the criteria and subcriteria in the mentioned format, the Alam al-Hoda Street was the elected pedestrian way for locating. In the conclusion section, a series of proposals, regulations and principles were introduced that could be guidance for construction of pedestrian ways in Iran. The method of this paper is descriptive - analytical together with field interpretations.

City view can be considered as the embodiment of cityscape and affects social and economic values. Historical cities in Iran and Europe have had a kind of harmony between physical and social fabrics which in turn shows what great attention has been paid to skyline and its details. Nowadays, however, fast-occurring changes inhibit the linking of social character and physical fabric and giving rise to extraversion. The only thing observable in general these days is fabrics with no identity containing monotonous space or highly visionary chaos. This article tries to address various reasons that affect the shaping of cities and their skylines through the thematic study of some reasons such as supernatural or ideological, secular, natural, technological, administrative, economic and social reasons. Based on the chronological studies, Primary cities were more or less influenced by supernatural and then secular or natural reasons. Due to these reasons, they tend to have an organic fabric and a kind of harmony in their skylines. It is observable that in this era, the most important parts of a city are the most public ones. It is by no means difficult to distinct public spaces due to their hierarchical organization. In the next section, through a critical point of view, modern and pre modern skylines are compared. Modern skyline, which has emerged with modern notions as a symbol of speed and the machine era, is being influenced by economic and capitalistic reasons. In this era we deal with the “reification of skyline”. City skyline has been sacrificed by the economic power of these reasons and, as a result, it has lost its human scale as one of the important aspects of pre modern cities. A comparison between the pre-modern skyline and its successors shows that the reasons which affect city skylines have risen in the modern era. Following the logic of the modern era, many reasons separate themselves from metaphysics and monarchies, though this separation is uncontrolled. Modern era, however, is divided into three parts: Primarymodern, great-modern and post-modern eras. Due to the great improvement in technology, primary-modern cities could be regarded as machine cities. On the other hand, technology empowers classes which cannot be considered as independent till those times such as Fordism. Since that time, these classes have developed the ability to control capital and following that, they managed to affect the evaluations of cities. In the late modern era, economic power got stronger as neo-liberalism emerged and played a major role in the form of city skylines. Public spaces have gotten increasingly privatized. Due to all of these, the modern era is to be recognized as plural in reasons. Besides recognizing all the reasons shaping cities, it is essential to control the construction in a way that skyline turns to be the symptom of urban space. The Economic reason is to be controlled by the administrative and social reasons should be taken into account. As pre-modern cities, The Human scale can be already considered as the most important factor of our cities.

Worldview and ideology of Islam is one of the main factors in shaping of Islamic cities which is related with Iranian thinking. It is formed Iranian-Islamic urban planning pattern in each settlement complex. In fact, Islamic city has a constant nature in which it has its own physical manifestation at any particular time and place. In other words, Islamic city has a potential nature in which it can have its own particular manifestation based on technology, available materials, updated knowledge and art in Public cultural space (Which is not in conflict with Islamic values and principles) at any time and place. So, Islamic city is a concept that numerous researchers have done different studies to achieve it. While providing a model of quarter space is existing concern in this field. Hence Iranian - Islamic model of quarter refers to systematic maps of the predetermined spaces in the quarter level according to the physical situation. The model is based on three basic elements including mosque oriented, quarter oriented and market. This study aimed to recognize the physical characteristics of Iranian - Islamic cities and provide a spatial pattern of the quarter and its structure based on the Islam principles Such as monotheism, prophet hood and resurrection in Iran cities. This study considers the assumption of identifying city quarter’s design aspects in Islamic period to apply considered principles in spatial designing quarters. Land army barracks quarter in Zanjan city is used as a case study. Research Methodology in This study is Development type with application approach which the text and content analysis is used to analyze the data. The results show that the use of the mosque as a multi-faced land use is associated directly with monotheism and indirectly with the resurrection. Its physical manifestation in city indicates Islamic-Iranian identity. The results show that in Islamic-Iranian cities building blocks associated with quarter scale, mosque relation with quarter spatial structure, quarter tissue relation with topography, surrounding spaces relation with mosques, central quarter religious pattern, blocks’ size, gridded streets, privacy and covering principles in designing are basic factors in designing spatial quarters. All these factors are parts of Islamic factors which can be applied in Land army barracks town in Zanjan as suitable design pattern. On the other hand, placement of services use with mosque-oriented can establish a collective space and social relations regulated with a focus on Islam. Finally Data existed in Isfahan school and data gathered in this study can be considered simultaneously (amalgamated) in order to be conformed to Islam principles and be used in cities quarters design. According to analysis and obtained results of the research case study can be stated which showing the Iranian – Islamic urban planning principles that effect of Iranian - Islamic schools such Isfahan school in the city quarters physical, explain and demonstrate thevarious aspects of Islam religion and its crystallization in the cities which it is reinforcement and giving identity to the Iranian and Islamic culture and thoughts in Iran urban s ystems and urban planning.

Human societies, in general, and Iranian society, in particular, have started a movement toward a novel destination. If industrial revolution, mass production and result of urban development are regarded as characteristic equalities of the modern world, then digital revolution, mass production of information, and the resulting collapse of the notion of “modern city” and development of “electronic city” must be considered as defining characteristics of the new world – i.e. information society. Living in any era requires access to appropriate level of means and facilities which are necessary components of life in that era. Scholars refer to information as the essence of present era on a daily basis. Electronic city, like any other form of city and symbols of urban life in the information world, is a human phenomenon. Electronic city represents a particular form of communities, social communications, cultural systems, and indicative behaviors. It requires certain form of life referred to “electronic life”. Taking into account the importance of access to information in e-city and the existing inequalities in terms of access to information, knowledge, spatial, structural, and other forms of facilities, in such a society, the right to equal access to information and the ability to produce information for the design of the concerns, needs and priorities, forms the foundation of social justice. In this type of city, citizen is who have the least knowledge of the basic concepts of ICT, have ability and opportunity to adequately communicate with the Internet, exchange electronic messages and also to be able to explore and produce the required information. Otherwise, The unconscious is separated from the urban community with a new sense of marginalization. Electronically slums will appear afterwards. However, the fundamental purpose of management and urban planning is social justice, strengthening social cohesion structures, improving the use of urban spaces and enhancement of citizen satisfaction. Electronic City is known as a city that connection is the main requirement and citizens are whom that connected to the communication network. All of the necessary information is at their disposal. This study considers the Electronic Municipality and its obstacles to reach the civil justice from the viewpoint of the citizens and municipality staff. It is due to the present inequalities of the access, knowledge, spatial, physical, and jurisdiction disparities and the difference among facilities of citizens to distinguish the obstacles and problems in order to implement the Electronic Municipality. This study considers the theory of appropriate governance and the role of civil justice to assess the spatial and physical barriers from the perspective of Tehran citizens and the Tehran Municipality staff with field sampling method and questionnaire. Finally it is concluded that Tehran’s citizens express on four defined components as spatial and physical barriers to implement the Electronic Municipality. Tehran’s Municipality staffs do not consider two components of availability and evaluation of the integral spaces as barrier. Municipality staffs believe that the spatial and physical barriers to implement the Electronic Municipality are the congruent virtual and real space, and also the contradiction between meaning and function.

Obtain the desired identity and Escape from identity crisis, is Concerned with the history of humanity and human culture. Architecture and Urbanism, meet mission to cherish the cultural values in the nature of them, and accordingly an element is count identifying. The signs because of the reiterate in the daily life, reinforce an especial feeling of meaning. Concerned to the everyday increasing of the subway usage, finding a logical relationship between anatomy of a Train Station and components of its identity, has become a necessary subject. The goal of this study is make the subway regional as an import model according to the cultural signs. The subway entrances are most important places which have close relationship with the existence anatomy in the city and people. We try in the tradition and new sign for better perception of role of Semiology in identity of metro stations. In this study we try in an analysis – commentary semiology way, first approaches designed station entrance according to how to deal with symptoms are classifying. Then the agreement of each approach concerned to the environmental context and according to the three different exposure; create signs, have a sign and evasive of sign getaway be examined. Means of style " create signs " is a product sign base on context toward idealistic architecture, " have a sign ", preservation of sign and not an intelligence perception, and " evasive of sign ", is an unconsidered of cultural semiology and undesirable style of affront whit signs in design. In this regard, defined by four layers of living, Social, intellectual and spiritual context, we want to know the formation of every subway stations. In this research "spiritual context" involved mosque and spiritual center, "intellectual context" involved university, art center and museum, "social context" involved bazaar, park and plaza "living context" involved housing complex and neighborhood. The findings shows, the use of signs which reflects the culture and beliefs of citizens is a possible way which is low cost and profitable. In the reviews of every field there is the possibility of existence of every four dimensions of each text including living, social, intellectual, and spiritual context there is a sense. But what it is effective in showing the sign is the knowing of each context. With such an approach we can say, the approach of sign making is the best way of facing with sign. But we should pay attention that how much we move from living context the signs are going to be more readable. In this approach the size of using each sign is different. At every four survival context, the effective ways in identifying was not exist. (1); Understanding the context of the text, representations, or avoid symptoms, (2); understanding the text layer, and to identify the dominant source of And (3); to select the desired mode based on a textual indication of exposure. Reread the text, we can say that, exited for each entrance station for a good representation of the Iranian - Islamic.

At the early of eleventh century AD several mosques appeared with a newfound pattern of architectural design in Central Iran, which is known as the symbol of mosque architecture. The specific feature of the new pattern was a high Iwan in each side of the Sahn (mosque yard). So the plan is composed of four Iwans and was named “Four-Iwan” (or Chahar Iwani) pattern. Very soon so many mosques were designed and constructed by using this pattern, so a new style was stabilized and became pervasive. Iranian architects derived popular “Iwan” from pre-Islamic Persian architecture and coordinated it with new religious conditions and finally could find the Iranian style of designing mosques. In Islamic period, mosques were the most significant facility and function in the body of Iran`s cities. So studying architecture of mosques is one of the main keys to survey architecture history of Iran in middle ages. And also it can lead to a better knowledge of social situations and cultural features of Iran`s art. Regardless of roots in basing and reasons of prevalence, collation of four-iwan pattern with the previous one called “Shabistani” and study of improvement of different aspect of architectural design of mosques in Iran is to be investigated in this essay. Architectural differences between the patterns is to be studied. The main criterion to collate the two patterns is Spatial Quality. A sufficient method is needed to find out which pattern is more coherent in quality of space. There are several theories and scientific methods to analyze quality of architectural space, such as “FASA” (Fuzzy Architectural Spatial Analysis) and “VGA”( Visibility Graph Analysis). Because of clear analysis and containing graphical drawings, an architectural theory named “Space Syntax” is considered to compare the quality of architectural space of mosques in each pattern. And also architectural functions and Visual features as two significant criterion in architectural design are compared to conclude the preponderant pattern in designing mosques. At first, function of mosque (saying prayers) and the basic requirements is studied, and then the way two patterns answer the needs is considered in functional comparison. To collate patterns in visual points, perceptual techniques in each pattern is studied. As a case study, the great mosque of Isfahan is analyzed which was early erected with Shabistan pattern in 8 cent. AD and then gradually transmuted into Four-Iwan pattern till 11 cent. AD. The research method Analytic- Descriptive is mentioned to reach a clear comparison of the two pattern. In this method quantities in mosques are analyzed and qualities are descriptive. So the two patterns are totally compared. As the result, to design mosques Four-Iwani pattern sounds to be more preferable than Shabistani pattern. Because it provides a higher quality for architectural spaces. Hierarchy and spatial relations are planned more creatively. And also this pattern helps the plan to have a premier service in the function of mosques: (saying prayers). And eventually ameliorates the “Form” with better sky-lines using Size Contrast and Spatial Contrast instead of Harmony in Shabestani pattern.

A city is a system that filled of components and relationships in an environment with complex characters. For most researchers in urban studies in Professional and Academic realm, SWOT Technique means inflexible analysis tool for all urban issue in a same way. Necessary to describe, differentiate, combine is not covered for no expert on urban planning issues and Always trying to update the tools and techniques to achieve this purpose has been necessary. Among these techniques SWOT table is one of tools that has been used in order to assess present and future status in strategic planning, including the management of all aspects of civil, social, cultural, economic, physical, and environmental. This paper continues and extends the SWOT complementary rather than parallel to it. The basic configuration of the appropriate target and generalization techniques for topics in the field of Urban Planning with maintaining the focus and commitment to the founding principles and not to deconstruct the original format to resolve its defects. The purpose of the study is to describe how SWOT Technique can improve and then how can help to deal with urban issues. The principal argument of the paper is that the SWOT Technique could be more explicit, robust and broadly applicable in vast spectrum of urban quandary. In this study, an overview of the evolution of the SWOT technique Deficiencies and discrepancies against the SWOT table towards urban issues Explain and then approach of this paper in correct the current flaws describe and finally, the proposed model would be formulated and explained. Suggestive comprehensive model of SWOT operates on four steps: (1) the selection of an urban theory to deliberate features of urban issue; (2) allocation of features to SWOT category Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats; (3) completion Suggestive table with meeting of internal environment and operating environment; (4) pretend in goals to objectives, then combination, balancing, merger, deletion of policies to solve urban issue with strategic manner. In the suggestive model environmental of system has three parts: 1 -the internal environment 2 - operating environment 3- environment outside of the control system that their communities make up urban environment. In fact internal environment that is a part of urban environment in which the possibilities and limitations have been actualized that Have the ability to influence the internal environment, but have not yet actualized. The Suggestive comprehensive model of the interaction between dimensions is also considered so that the six strategies, ST, WT, WO, SO, OT, SW called interactive strategies that in original SWOT model this blankness is felt. Another point is local strategies, WW, SS and external strategies, TT, OO which can be appear both interactive and non-interactive strategies. For example, we can use the opportunity to reinforce each other or face threaten to undermine those. In this paper, key finding is “Presentation of suggestive comprehensive model to plan analytical framework for urban issue”. This helps researchers in urban fields to make strategic decision to solve urban issue, actually the pervasive framework to particular solution.