نشریه جمعیت
پیاپی 85-86 (پاییز و زمستان 1392)

Population of the country is a factor of development. Therefore understanding the demographic characteristics of each country and its policies is of great importance. From a legal perspective the population of the country is one of the structural factors of the states. The population of a country and the situation of youth or aged in all aspects of government decision are important. The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran according to Article 2, section 2, article 3, section 11, article 9, article 152, show that appropriate demographic policies play an important role in achieving the country's independence and territorial integrity. Despite importance of this issue, in recent years population balance in terms of youth and old age is neglected. Population negative growth rate can be the source of many problems. In this regard, the supreme leader, just based on paragraph 1 of Article 110 of constitution, have communicated the strategic policies of the population to the executive branches. On the one hand, this document, contains the original notes, that legal review of it is useful and on the other hand, recognize the need to deliver these policies in terms of public law.

The spatial distribution of population is directly related to the favorable geographical conditions and levels of development. Distribution pattern of population in the country is the major factors that policy makers for population control and direct the movements of population are considering. Therefor the spatial distribution of population according to the rapid social changes in developing countries is an important issue. This article is intended on the base of a theoretical model, with focusing on the first to fifth development plans, study the population redistribution policies in the post- Revolutionary period in brief. In development plans, prevention of rural-urban migration was pivot policies of population planning policies. The country census statistics show that after the revolution, rural population ratio has gradually decreased. Policies for rural development and prevention of migration to the city in the long-term development plans adopted due to lack of attention to the indirect influences, has led to inappropriate distribution of population. To prevent this outcome, it is better to adopt a hybrid approach in planning and implementation of programs. Any cross sectional action and decision in practice, is not followed much success and distrust of the people will follow. The performance of the governments, shows that the preparation and approval of regulations and guidelines for implement development programs is not provided timely and complete. This delay with inconsistencies between institutions and the lack of sufficient financial resources are the most important barriers to population planning programs in the country.

The present study was done to analysis the statistics of divorce and marriage of Iranian Couples in recent decades. In this regard the rate of divorce and marriage was investigated for different years. This study is a type of documental studies. Statistical information was obtained from the website of the Census and Statistics Department, as well as some other research reports. Quantitative analysis of marriage and divorce statistics indicating that, there is coordination and proportion between the indexes of marriage and divorce before Iran Islamic Revolution in 1979, and increases in marriage rates and lower divorce rates in the years after the revolution. But it shows a worrying trend of rising divorce rates and declining marriage rates from 1982 to 2014. The findings and the outcomes of analysis of statistical indicators are discussed to gain insight about factors which undertaken low marriage and high divorce rates; and a final conclusion is presented.

The aim of this article is to study migration among provinces in three decades after the revolution. Therefore, the demographic characteristics of immigrants and the socio- economic factors effective on internal migration were examined. Data used from the 65, 75, 85, 90 censuses. The results showed that demographic characteristics of immigrants have had an impact on internal migration. Male and age group 65-15 years had the highest mobility. Immigration difference between men and women has decreased over time Most of the migration are of the type of labor migration. Migrants are between the ages of 15 and 65 years. Over time, the importance of labor migration and their number increases, but it faced a slight decrease in 90 census. To investigate the effect of socio-economic factors, 32 indicators in different aspects of development, including economic development, culture, labor, and employment, telecommunications, health care and housing were used. The results showed that different aspects of development in the years 75 and 85, explain 20 percent of changes in domestic migration. It also explains that in the provinces which are in the path of development, immigration tends to have more mobility.

One of the most important topics in urban planning, is urban land use change. This study carried out to examine the impact of immigration on land use changes in Esfarāyen The data and required information was collected by documental and field method. The statistical population comprised all members of the urban management of the city Esfarāyen and due to the small population size of the city, census method used and all the managers, including 50 people were studied. The tools used are GIS and SPSS software. Test results indicate that on the basis of first hypothesis, immigration is an important factor in agricultural and other land use changes in Esfarāyen city. As hypothesis two and three has been approved, we can say migration leads to the formation of non-standard housing and also non-standard form of land use in the city. Also among the types of land use changed in Esfaraien, agriculture, green areas have had the most changes.

One of the important challenges in Iranian economy is employment creation especially for graduates of higher education that it will become critical in the future due to an increase of educated young people. In this study, shift-share analysis of employment has been used for graduates of higher education in the main economic sectors of the country's total employed during 1375 to 1385. This method while measure how higher education graduates employment growth, specifies the growing influence of external factors (national), and intra-regional structure. The results suggest that parts of buildings, utilities, financial services, wholesale, transportation, real estate and public services among the 10 most active practitioners of higher education, has positive structural transformation and all 10 major transfer activity has a positive competitive. Therefore, it is expected that these sectors will play an important role in the future employment of graduates in higher education system. In 1385 apart from the mining sector, providing water and electricity and natural gas, financial intermediation, real estate and other sectors in public service activities were non-based activity.